Annotations
A-01-02 Aluminium SG unitised curtain wall system
General information: The aluminium SG unitised curtain wall system is applied as a structural glazing façade, in which glass panels are fixed using silicone joints without visible external aluminium pressure plates. The system provides a modern architectural appearance of a “continuous glass façade” and is used for commercial and public buildings.
Energy / Thermal considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13830 and BS EN ISO 10077, the system must ensure a low thermal transmittance (U-value) through the use of energy-efficient insulating glass units and integrated thermal breaks in the aluminium profiles. The design is intended to minimise heat loss and improve solar control performance, in line with building energy efficiency requirements.
Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13830, the façade system must provide resistance to wind loads, airtightness (BS EN 12152) and watertightness (BS EN 12154), as well as sufficient structural strength of the adhesive joints. Structural glazing silicones must comply with BS EN 13022, ensuring reliable adhesion and durability during service life.
Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, aluminium profiles and insulating glass units must achieve a reaction to fire classification of at least A2-s1,d0. Structural silicone joints and sealing materials are selected with consideration of fire resistance and low smoke emission. To enhance fire safety, the façade may be equipped with fire-resistant inserts and barriers in accordance with BS EN 1364.
Design life: Expected design life: 30 years according to BS EN 13830. Provided correct design, use of certified materials, and regular maintenance, the system ensures durability and operational reliability throughout its service life.
Testing regime: In accordance with BS EN 13830, BS EN 12152, and BS EN 12154, the system must undergo testing for air permeability, water tightness, and resistance to wind loads. Additional testing is carried out in accordance with BS EN 14019 for glass impact resistance, and the structural bonding of glass to profiles is verified in accordance with BS EN 13022 for durability and adhesive joint strength.
D-03-01 Aluminium base plate (Unitised curtain wall)
General information: The Aluminium Base Plate is used in unitised façade systems as a support plate for fixing modules to the building’s structural frame. It ensures stable attachment and alignment of vertical and horizontal curtain wall elements.
Energy / Thermal considerations: The element must account for the thermal expansion of aluminium and compatibility with other façade materials to prevent deformation and damage to sealed joints. It should contribute to minimising thermal bridges in the system, in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN 13947.
Technical considerations: The Aluminium Base Plate must provide high mechanical strength and resist static and dynamic loads, including the weight of the module and wind loads, in accordance with BS EN 1999-1-1 (Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures). The material should be corrosion-resistant, with anodised or protective coating to ensure durability.
Fire safety considerations: The aluminium base itself is non-combustible; however, the overall fire performance of the curtain wall system must be considered. Panels and fixings should comply with fire classification requirements, e.g., A2-s1,d0 under BS EN 13501-1, to minimise the risk of fire spread and smoke emission.
Design life: The expected service life of the Aluminium Base Plate is 30 years, in accordance with BS EN 1999-1-1, assuming correct installation and maintenance.
Testing regime: The element should be tested for mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and durability, including salt spray testing according to BS EN ISO 9227, and load testing in accordance with BS EN 1990 and BS EN 1999-1-1.
D-03-02 Aluminium connecting bracket (Unitised curtain wall)
General information: The Aluminium Connecting Bracket is used to connect unitised curtain wall modules to each other and to the building’s structural frame. It ensures precise alignment, structural stability, and load transfer between façade elements.
Energy / Thermal considerations: The element must account for the thermal expansion of aluminium and its interaction with other façade materials to prevent deformation of modules and compromise of airtightness. The design should minimise thermal bridges in the system, in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN 13947.
Technical considerations: The Aluminium Connecting Bracket must resist static and dynamic loads, including the weight of the panels and wind loads, in accordance with BS EN 1999-1-1 (Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures). The material should be corrosion-resistant, with anodised or protective coating to ensure long-term durability.
Fire safety considerations: The aluminium bracket is non-combustible; however, the overall fire performance of the curtain wall system, including panels and connections, must be considered. All elements should comply with BS EN 13501-1, e.g., A2-s1,d0, to minimise fire spread and smoke emission.
Design life: The expected service life of the Aluminium Connecting Bracket is 30 years, in accordance with BS EN 1999-1-1, assuming correct installation and maintenance.
Testing regime: The brackets should be tested for mechanical strength, durability, and corrosion resistance, including salt spray testing according to BS EN ISO 9227, and load testing in accordance with BS EN 1990 and BS EN 1999-1-1.
D-03-03 Aluminium attachment hook (Unitised curtain wall)
General information: The Aluminium Attachment Hook is used to fix curtain wall units to the structural frame or to aluminium profiles within the module. It provides a secure connection, precise alignment, and load transfer between façade elements.
Energy / Thermal considerations: The element must accommodate aluminium’s thermal expansion and maintain the airtightness of connections under temperature variations. The design should minimise thermal bridges in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN 13947.
Technical considerations: The Aluminium Attachment Hook must resist static and dynamic loads, including panel weight and wind loads, in accordance with BS EN 1999-1-1 (Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures). The material should be corrosion-resistant, with anodised or protective coating to ensure durability and reliable connections.
Fire safety considerations: The aluminium hook is non-combustible; however, the overall curtain wall system must meet fire performance requirements. Elements should comply with BS EN 13501-1, e.g., A2-s1,d0, to minimise fire spread and smoke emission.
Design life: The expected service life of the Aluminium Attachment Hook is 30 years, in accordance with BS EN 1999-1-1, assuming correct installation and maintenance.
Testing regime: The element should undergo testing for mechanical strength, durability, and corrosion resistance, including salt spray tests according to BS EN ISO 9227 and load testing in accordance with BS EN 1990 and BS EN 1999-1-1.
E-03-01 Stainless steel cast-in channel
General information: Stainless steel cast-in channels are used as embedded elements in concrete structures to securely fix façade systems, engineering services, and other building components. Stainless steel channels are embedded in concrete during casting, providing a durable and safe solution for load transfer.
Energy / Thermal considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 10077 and BS EN 1993, stainless steel elements have minimal impact on the thermal performance of the building envelope. Where thermal bridging needs to be minimised, solutions with thermal breaks or composite connections are applied to meet façade energy efficiency requirements.
Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 1993-1-4 and BS EN 1090, stainless steel channels must provide high load-bearing capacity, corrosion resistance, and fatigue durability. The material complies with BS EN 10088 (stainless steel), and the geometry and welded joints are manufactured in accordance with the execution class requirements of BS EN 1090-2. Special anchors are used to ensure even load distribution and reliable bonding with concrete.
Fire safety considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13501-1, stainless steel is classified as a non-combustible material of class A1, ensuring no flammability or smoke generation. When used as part of façade systems and concrete structures, the channels do not contribute to fire spread and maintain structural integrity under high temperatures within the standard fire resistance period (BS EN 1993-1-2).
Design life: Expected design life: 50 years according to BS EN 1993-1-4. Selecting the appropriate stainless steel grade (e.g., AISI 304 or 316 according to BS EN 10088) ensures a long service life in exterior conditions without significant loss of strength or corrosion resistance.
Testing regime: In accordance with BS EN 1993 and BS EN 1090, the elements are tested for strength, load-bearing capacity, and welded joint durability. Additional tests are conducted for corrosion resistance in accordance with BS EN ISO 9227 (salt spray chamber testing) and for anchor adhesion in concrete in accordance with BS EN 1881.
E-03-02 Stainless steel T-bolt (nut+washer)
General information: The stainless steel T-bolt (supplied with nut and washer) is used to fix façade systems, equipment, and structural elements to cast-in channels or other mounting profiles. It provides fast and reliable installation without the need for welding or drilling and is used in construction and mechanical engineering.
Energy / Thermal considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 10077 and BS EN 1993, the T-bolt has minimal impact on the thermal performance of the structures. In façade systems, where thermal bridging needs to be minimised, fixing points can be supplemented with thermal breaks or pads to meet energy efficiency requirements.
Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 3506 (mechanical properties of stainless steel fasteners), the T-bolt must provide tensile, torsional, and fatigue strength. Thread dimensions and tolerances are manufactured in accordance with BS EN ISO 898 and BS EN ISO 965. Washers and nuts are made in accordance with BS EN ISO 7089/7090 and BS EN ISO 4032, ensuring compatibility and reliability of the threaded connection. The design ensures even load transfer within the “channel–bolt–nut” system.
Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, stainless steel is classified as A1 (non-combustible), eliminating flammability and smoke emission. Under high temperatures, the load-bearing capacity is maintained up to the design limit according to BS EN 1993-1-2, ensuring reliable fixing performance in fire conditions.
Design life: Expected design life: 50 years according to BS EN ISO 3506 and BS EN 1993-1-4. The use of corrosion-resistant steel grades A2 or A4 according to BS EN 10088 ensures long-term durability even in exterior environments with aggressive conditions.
Testing regime: In accordance with BS EN ISO 3506, mechanical strength and torque tests are conducted. Corrosion resistance is tested in accordance with BS EN ISO 9227 (salt spray). For façade systems, the T-bolt is additionally tested for compliance with channel fixation and load-holding capacity requirements according to BS EN 1090
E-04-02 Stainless steel bolt (No1 washer)
General Information: The Stainless Steel Bolt (No1 Washer) is used for fixing structural and façade elements to the supporting components of a building. It is used together with a No1 washer to evenly distribute load and prevent damage to the surface of the fixed material.
Energy / Thermal Considerations: Stainless steel has high thermal conductivity and may create local thermal bridges in building envelopes. To minimise heat loss in insulated systems, thermal breaks or insulating pads are recommended. Requirements for accounting for thermal bridges are set out in BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.
Technical Considerations: The bolt must provide adequate strength for shear, pull-out, and fatigue loads. Stainless steel grades A2 or A4 are selected depending on the operating environment, particularly for external façades. Elements must comply with BS EN ISO 3506 (Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant stainless steel fasteners) and ensure long-term durability of connections within façade and structural systems. Joints should be designed according to BS EN 1993-1-8 (Eurocode 3: Design of joints).
Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1 and is non-combustible. Bolts retain load-bearing capacity under high temperatures as defined in BS EN 1993-1-2 (Structural fire design). Fire performance of the façade or structural system is verified according to BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414.
Design Life: The expected service life of the Stainless Steel Bolt (No1 Washer) is at least 30 years, provided the correct steel grade is chosen (e.g., A4 for external conditions) and installation guidelines are followed, in accordance with BS EN ISO 3506 and BS EN 1993.
Testing Regime: Bolts are tested for mechanical strength, corrosion resistance (BS EN ISO 9227), and long-term durability of connections. Within façade or structural systems, joint integrity and fire performance are verified according to BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414.
F-01-01 Stainless steel screw
General Information: Stainless steel screws are utilised for securing structures and materials, offering high strength and corrosion resistance. They are suitable for both interior and exterior applications, including aggressive environments.
Energy / Thermal Considerations: Stainless steel screws exhibit low thermal conductivity, reducing the risk of thermal bridging. In accordance with BS EN ISO 10144, their corrosion resistance is maintained at high and low temperatures, making them suitable for diverse climatic conditions.
Technical Considerations: Screws must comply with BS EN ISO 3506 for mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Strength classes (e.g., A2, A4) determine their suitability for different environments. Protective coatings are recommended for use in highly corrosive conditions.
Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is classified as a non-combustible material (Class A1 per BS EN 13501-1). The screws do not contribute to flame spread or emit toxic substances when exposed to heat.
Design Life: The expected service life is at least 30 years under standard conditions, as per BS EN ISO 9224, owing to their high corrosion resistance.
Testing Regime: Quality control includes:
Tensile testing (BS EN ISO 6892-1)
Hardness testing
Corrosion resistance testing (BS EN ISO 9227 – salt spray test)
F-05-01 Frame anchor (fire)
General Information: The fire-resistant frame anchor is designed for the secure fixing of metal or façade frames into building structures while meeting fire safety requirements. It ensures stability and preserves the integrity of cladding and structural elements when exposed to high temperatures.
Energy / Thermal Considerations: Anchors must withstand elevated thermal loads without loss of strength, in compliance with the fire resistance standards BS EN 1363 and BS EN 1364. These standards ensure the anchor’s performance under fire conditions, preserving its mechanical function during thermal exposure.
Technical Considerations: Specifications are defined by BS EN 845-1 and BS EN 1993 (Eurocode 3), covering aspects such as load-bearing capacity, corrosion resistance, and resistance to mechanical stresses. The anchor must demonstrate reliable performance under both static and dynamic loads.
Fire Safety Considerations: Anchors must achieve a fire resistance classification of EI30, EI60, or higher according to BS EN 13501-2, ensuring that the fixing system maintains its load-bearing and integrity functions for the specified fire exposure period.
Design Life: The expected service life of the anchor is at least 30 years, as per BS EN 845-1, assuming correct installation and routine maintenance in accordance with the manufacturer’s guidelines.
Testing Regime: Testing includes fire resistance evaluation, shear strength testing, and corrosion resistance under simulated environmental conditions to ensure compliance with safety and durability requirements.
F-06-01 Stainless steel anchor (Anchor with plastic plug)
General Information: The stainless steel anchor with a plastic plug is used to fix suspended and window structures, façade systems, and building services equipment to load-bearing substrates made of concrete, brick, or stone. The plastic sleeve distributes the load and prevents direct contact between the steel and the substrate.
Energy / Thermal Considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN 10077, the use of anchors with plastic plugs helps reduce the risk of thermal bridging. Stainless steel combined with plastic insulation provides an optimal balance between load-bearing capacity and maintaining the designed thermal performance of the building envelope.
Technical Considerations: The anchor must comply with BS EN 1992-4 (Eurocode — design of fastenings in concrete) and BS EN 1090 (steel structures). The stainless steel must meet the requirements of BS EN ISO 3506 and BS EN 10088 for mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The plastic plug must conform to BS EN ISO 15493 (plastics for building applications). The design must ensure high load-bearing capacity, resistance to fatigue loads, and long-term durability in service.
Fire Safety Considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, stainless steel is classified as A1 (non-combustible), while the plastic component of the anchor must achieve a fire classification of at least E; for external façade systems, materials of class B-s1,d0 are recommended to ensure limited contribution to fire development and low smoke production.
Design Life: The expected service life of the anchor with plastic plug is at least 30 years, provided the correct stainless steel grade is selected (BS EN 10088), the plastic component is certified, and installation is carried out in accordance with BS EN 1992-4.
Testing Regime: Testing must be carried out in accordance with BS EN 1881 and BS EN 1992-4 to verify load-bearing capacity in concrete, and BS EN ISO 3506 to confirm the properties of stainless steel. Additional durability tests for plastic components may be carried out in accordance with BS EN ISO 604 (mechanical properties of plastics under load).
G-04-01 Mineral wool insulation (for external application) (k ≤ 0.035 W/mK)
General Information: Mineral wool insulation (for wall) is used in external and internal building envelopes to provide thermal, acoustic and fire insulation. Installed in multi-layer walls, façade systems or framed partitions as a non-combustible insulation material.
Energy/Thermal Considerations: Mineral wool features low thermal conductivity (λ ≈ 0.032-0.040 W/m·K), complying with BS EN 13162 - the standard for thermal insulation products for buildings. It effectively reduces heat loss and helps building envelopes meet energy efficiency requirements (e.g. BS EN ISO 6946). Insulation thickness is selected based on required U-value.
Technical Considerations: According to BS EN 13162, mineral wool must maintain dimensional stability, moisture resistance, compressive strength (when used in rainscreen systems), and long-term durability. The material must retain its insulating properties under humid conditions. For walls, compliance with strength classes and dimensional stability under temperature fluctuations is essential. Capillary activity and water vapour diffusion resistance (µ-factor) are also considered.
Fire Safety Considerations: Mineral wool is a non-combustible material typically classified as A1 per BS EN 13501-1 - it doesn't support combustion, emit toxic gases or produce flaming droplets. Used as a component in fire protection systems for façades, partitions and fire compartments. When used in external insulation systems (e.g. ventilated façades), it ensures structural fire safety.
Design Life: The expected service life of mineral wool is minimum 30 years per BS EN 13162, provided proper installation, moisture protection and avoidance of mechanical damage.
Testing Regime: Testing is conducted according to BS EN 13162 and BS EN 1602-1609, including determination of thermal conductivity, water absorption, compressive strength, ageing resistance and dimensional stability. Fire performance is verified per BS EN 13501-1.
H-02-01 Double glazed unit (DGU-1)
General Information: A double glazed unit (DGU) is used in window, door, and façade systems to provide thermal and acoustic insulation. It consists of two glass panes separated by a spacer frame with a hermetically sealed cavity, which may be filled with air or an inert gas (e.g., argon). DGUs are employed in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings to enhance energy efficiency and comfort.
Energy / Thermal Considerations: According to BS EN 1279 (standards for insulating glass units), a double glazed unit must achieve a low thermal transmittance (U-value), particularly when using low-emissivity coatings (Low-E) and gas filling. This ensures compliance with building energy efficiency requirements, as specified in BS EN ISO 10077-1 and BS EN ISO 10456. The use of inert gases and warm-edge spacer bars further reduces heat loss and the risk of condensation.
Technical Considerations: Technical requirements for double glazed units are defined by BS EN 1279 (Parts 1–6), covering durability, airtightness, moisture absorption, optical properties, and thickness tolerances. Additional parameters include sound insulation, wind load resistance, and impact resistance (where required). Compatibility with window or façade systems must be ensured in accordance with BS EN 14351-1 (windows and external pedestrian doors).
Fire Safety Considerations: Standard double glazed units made from tempered or float glass are not fire-resistant, though they may be used in non-fire-rated barriers. Their behaviour in fire depends on the glass type: standard glass is not classified under BS EN 13501-1, but tempered or laminated glass may meet certain safe breakage requirements. If the glazed unit is part of a fire-rated system, specialist fire-resistant glass certified to BS EN 14449 and BS EN 13501-2 must be used.
Design Life The expected service life of a double glazed unit is at least 25–30 years, assuming proper installation and sealing quality, as per BS EN 1279-2 and -3.
Testing Regime: Testing includes assessments for:
Airtightness (BS EN 1279-2)
Moisture absorption (BS EN 1279-3)
Thermal transmittance (BS EN 674)
Light transmittance (BS EN 410)
Sound insulation (BS EN ISO 10140)
Resistance to climatic cycling and ageing
Full-scale testing of glazed units within window systems is conducted under BS EN 14351-1.
H-04-01 Aluminium spandrel panel (ASP-1)
General information: Aluminium spandrel panels are used to cover floor slabs in façade systems, as well as for decorative purposes and to provide enclosure. The panels are installed in the zones between window openings and are non-transparent elements, ensuring architectural expression and protecting internal structures from weather exposure.
Energy / Thermal considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 (Thermal performance of building components) and BS EN ISO 10077 (Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters), aluminium spandrel panels must incorporate an insulating layer or suitable backing to eliminate thermal bridging and achieve the required thermal resistance. The panel design must maintain the energy efficiency of the building envelope and prevent condensation.
Technical considerations: According to BS EN 485 and BS EN 573 (Aluminium and aluminium alloys), panels must be manufactured from alloys with adequate strength, corrosion resistance and dimensional stability. Mechanical reliability, weathertightness and durability requirements for façade assemblies are defined in BS EN 13830 (Curtain walling – Product standard). The panel must be compatible with the supporting façade system and capable of withstanding wind loads and service loads.
Fire safety considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13501-1, aluminium is classified as a non-combustible material (Class A1). However, the construction of spandrel panels includes insulation and facing layers, which must comply with the requirements of Approved Document B. To ensure fire safety, non-combustible insulation materials (e.g. mineral wool classified as A1 or A2-s1,d0) and non-combustible facing materials must be used within the panel assembly, in line with BS EN 1364 (Fire resistance tests for non-loadbearing elements).
Design life: In accordance with BS EN 13830 and BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures), the expected service life of aluminium spandrel panels is at least 30 years, provided correct design, installation and corrosion protection are ensured.
Testing regime: Testing of aluminium spandrel panels is carried out in accordance with BS EN 13830 (mechanical performance, air permeability, watertightness), BS EN 13501-1 (fire performance classification), and BS EN ISO 10077 (thermal performance). Additional corrosion resistance tests may be carried out in accordance with BS EN ISO 9227 (salt spray test)
J-05-01 Aluminium sheet (t-2mm)
General Information: Aluminium Sheet with a thickness of 2 mm is used in construction for façade cladding, ventilated systems, and as part of substructures. It is characterised by low weight, corrosion resistance, and high workability during fabrication and installation.
Energy / Thermal Considerations: Aluminium has high thermal conductivity and does not provide insulation. When applied in façade systems, it must be combined with thermal insulation materials. The influence of thermal bridges and the coefficient of linear thermal expansion must be taken into account, in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.
Technical Considerations: Aluminium sheet (2 mm thick) must comply with BS EN 485 (Aluminium and aluminium alloys – Sheet, strip and plate) and BS EN 573 (Chemical composition and form of wrought aluminium alloys). Strength and durability are ensured through alloys defined in BS EN 485-2. When designing façades with aluminium sheets, BS EN 1999-1-1 (Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures) must be followed. For corrosion protection, anodising (BS EN 12373) or powder coating (BS EN 12206) is applied.
Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium is classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1 and is non-combustible. In façade systems, it does not contribute to fire spread. The fire performance of the complete system must be verified through testing in accordance with BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414.
Design Life: The expected service life of Aluminium Sheet (t = 2 mm) is at least 30 years when suitable protective finishes are applied and correct design principles are followed, in accordance with BS EN 1999-1-1 and BS EN 485.
Testing Regime: Sheets must undergo testing for mechanical properties (strength, stiffness, impact resistance) in accordance with BS EN 485-2, as well as corrosion resistance testing under BS EN ISO 9227. Within façade systems, aluminium panels must be fire tested in accordance with BS EN 13501-1/2 and BS 8414.
J-06-01 Steel flushing (t-2mm)
General Information: Steel Flashing with a thickness of 2 mm is used in construction to seal and protect joints between façade elements, roofing, and walls from moisture ingress and weather exposure. It provides durability of the structure and a neat visual finish at connection details.
Energy / Thermal Considerations: Steel has high thermal conductivity; therefore, junction elements may create local thermal bridges. To minimise heat loss, thermal breaks and insulating pads are recommended. Thermal performance requirements are defined in BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.
Technical Considerations: The steel sheet must provide high strength and stiffness at a small thickness to ensure reliability in façade and roofing details. The material must comply with BS EN 10025 (Hot rolled products of structural steels) or BS EN 10346 (Continuously hot-dip coated steel flat products), depending on surface treatment. Corrosion protection is achieved through galvanisation (BS EN 10346), powder coating (BS EN 12206), or the use of stainless steel (BS EN 10088).
Fire Safety Considerations: Steel is classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1 and is non-combustible. Flashing does not contribute to fire spread. The fire resistance of the complete system must be verified through testing in accordance with BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414.
Design Life: The expected service life of Steel Flashing (t = 2 mm) is at least 30 years when appropriate protective coatings (galvanisation, powder coating, or stainless steel) are applied and connection details are correctly designed, in accordance with BS EN 1993 (Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures).
Testing Regime: The element must be tested for mechanical strength and corrosion resistance (BS EN ISO 9227), as well as compatibility of protective coatings. Within façade or roofing systems, joint watertightness and fire resistance must be verified through testing in accordance with BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414.
K-02-02 Stainless steel angle (screed support)
General Information: The Stainless Steel Angle is used to support screeds in building constructions, ensuring even load distribution and resistance to deformation. It is applied in floors, terraces, and balconies to support cement-sand or concrete screeds.
Energy / Thermal Considerations: Stainless steel has high thermal conductivity and may create local thermal bridges in floor constructions. To minimise heat loss, thermal pads or breaks are recommended. Thermal performance requirements are defined in BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.
Technical Considerations: The angle must provide sufficient strength and rigidity to support the weight of the screed and operational loads. The element should comply with BS EN 10088 (Stainless steels – Technical delivery conditions) and provide corrosion resistance in high-humidity environments. Structural design should follow BS EN 1993-1-1 (Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures).
Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1 and is non-combustible. When used within floors and screeds, the angle does not contribute to fire spread. Fire performance of the overall construction is verified according to BS EN 13501-2 and BS 476.
Design Life: The expected service life of the Stainless Steel Angle is at least 50 years, provided correct installation and usage, in accordance with BS EN 10088 and BS EN 1993.
Testing Regime: The angle should be tested for mechanical strength, load resistance, and corrosion resistance (BS EN ISO 9227). Within the floor system, durability and resistance to operational stresses are verified.
L-01-02 Floor build up(internal)
General information: Internal floor build-up represents the structural layers of a floor within a building, including the substrate, insulation, leveling, and finishing layers. It provides strength, durability, sound and thermal insulation, and serves as a base for floor coverings in residential and commercial spaces.
Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 6946 (Thermal performance of building components) and BS EN ISO 10211 (Thermal bridges in building construction), the internal floor “sandwich” must minimise heat loss and thermal bridging. Insulation materials used (mineral wool, expanded polystyrene, PIR, etc.) are selected to achieve regulatory thermal resistance and maintain the energy efficiency of the space.
Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 1264 (Heating systems in buildings – Embedded water heating systems) and BS EN 13813 (Screed material and floor screeds – Properties and requirements), the floor construction must be designed for operational loads, durability, and compatibility with building services (e.g., underfloor heating). Materials should provide sufficient strength, moisture resistance, minimal deformation, and stability against shrinkage.
Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, floor materials are classified by reaction to fire. Insulation and floor layers must demonstrate appropriate non-combustibility or limited combustibility (e.g., A1 or A2-s1,d0) to ensure occupant safety and prevent fire spread through internal floor structures.
Design life: In accordance with BS EN 13813 and BS EN ISO 15686 (Buildings and constructed assets – Service life planning), the expected service life of an internal floor is at least 30 years when properly designed, installed, and maintained, including timely servicing and moisture protection.
Testing regime: Testing of internal floor build-ups is carried out according to BS EN 13813 (strength and wear resistance of screed), BS EN 1264 (compatibility with embedded water heating systems), BS EN 13501-1 (fire performance and reaction to fire), and BS EN 1307 (classification of floor coverings for durability and wear resistance).
L-01-03 Ceiling build up(internal)
General information: Internal ceiling build-up represents the structural layers of a ceiling within a room, including the supporting framework, acoustic and thermal insulation layers, and the finishing surface. It provides acoustic comfort, thermal insulation, aesthetic finishing, and protection of structural elements from external influences.
Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 6946 (Thermal performance of building components) and BS EN ISO 10211 (Thermal bridges in building construction), internal ceiling constructions should help reduce heat loss and minimise thermal bridges. Insulation materials such as mineral wool or PIR boards are selected to achieve the required thermal resistance and maintain the energy efficiency of the space.
Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13964 (Suspended ceilings – Requirements and test methods) and BS EN 520 (Gypsum plasterboards – Definitions, requirements and test methods), ceiling constructions must provide sufficient strength, deformation resistance, and compatibility with building services (lighting, ventilation, fire detection). Materials should be moisture-resistant, durable, and able to withstand mechanical damage during service.
Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, ceiling materials are classified by reaction to fire. Internal ceiling layers and panels should be non-combustible or of limited combustibility (e.g., A1 or A2-s1,d0), ensuring fire protection and compliance with Approved Document B.
Design life: In accordance with BS EN 13964 and BS EN ISO 15686 (Buildings and constructed assets – Service life planning), the expected service life of an internal ceiling is at least 30 years when properly designed, installed, and maintained, including protection against moisture and mechanical impacts.
Testing regime: Testing of ceiling constructions is carried out according to BS EN 13964 (load-bearing capacity and stability of suspended systems), BS EN 520 (strength and moisture resistance of gypsum plasterboards), and BS EN 13501-1 (fire performance and reaction to fire). Additionally, acoustic testing may be performed in accordance with BS EN ISO 140 and 717 to verify sound-absorbing properties.
M-01-04 Fire-stop
General Information: Fire-Stop is used to seal penetrations, joints, and gaps in building structures to prevent the spread of fire, smoke, and hot gases between sections of a building. It is applied in walls, floors, façades, and around service installations.
Energy / Thermal Considerations: The element must provide airtightness without creating thermal bridges. In insulated systems or ventilated façades, Fire-Stop must be compatible with insulation materials and should not reduce the energy efficiency of the building, in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.
Technical Considerations: Fire-Stop must maintain integrity and functionality under temperature fluctuations, vibration, and structural movement. The material should comply with BS EN 1366 (Fire resistance tests for service installations) and provide ease of installation and durability of connections.
Fire Safety Considerations: Fire-Stop is classified according to BS EN 13501-2 and ensures the fire resistance of floors, walls, and façades. The material prevents the spread of fire and smoke, and its performance is verified through fire resistance (EI) and smoke control testing in accordance with BS EN 1366 and BS 476.
Design Life: The expected service life of Fire-Stop is at least 30 years, provided it is installed and maintained correctly, in line with manufacturer recommendations and BS EN 1366 requirements.
Testing Regime: The material must be tested for fire resistance, smoke permeability, and durability, including tests under BS EN 1366-3 (penetration seals) and BS EN 1366-4 (linear joint seals). Compatibility with various building and service materials must also be verified.
M-03-01 Support bracket (fire)
General Information: A fire-rated support bracket is a mounting component designed to secure façade elements while meeting fire safety requirements. It is used to fix cladding systems and fire barriers, ensuring stability and reliability under fire conditions.
Energy / Thermal Considerations: Due to the high thermal conductivity of metals, the bracket should minimise thermal bridging. The use of thermal breaks or insulating pads at fixing points is recommended to reduce heat loss. The impact of the bracket on the thermal performance of the façade must be assessed according to BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridges) and BS EN ISO 6946 (overall thermal transmittance).
Technical Considerations: Brackets are typically manufactured from stainless steel or aluminium alloys with high strength and corrosion resistance, compliant with BS EN 1090-1 and BS EN 1993 (steel structures). The design must withstand calculated loads including cladding weight and wind pressure, while accommodating thermal expansion and contraction without compromising structural integrity.
Fire Safety Considerations: Materials used for the bracket must be non-combustible and achieve a minimum reaction to fire classification of A1 under BS EN 13501-1. The bracket must maintain load-bearing capacity for the duration required to support the fire barrier system, in accordance with fire resistance standards such as BS 476 and BS EN 1363.
Design Life: The expected service life is at least 30 years, assuming correct installation and maintenance. Corrosion protection methods, including stainless steel grade selection or protective coatings, extend durability in various environments.
Testing Regime: Testing includes:
Mechanical strength and tensile testing in accordance with BS EN ISO 6892-1
Corrosion resistance assessment via salt spray testing per BS EN ISO 9227
Fire resistance evaluation within the system context according to BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414
Z-01-01 Concrete slab
General information: Reinforced concrete floor slabs are designed to create load-bearing structures that distribute loads and form horizontal surfaces in buildings and civil engineering structures.
Energy/Thermal considerations: Concrete slabs must account for thermal inertia and comply with energy efficiency requirements in accordance with BS EN ISO 13786. When used in building envelope applications, they must meet thermal transmittance (U-value) requirements as specified in BS EN ISO 6946.
Technical considerations: Slabs must be designed for strength, stiffness and stability in compliance with BS EN 1992-1-1 (Eurocode 2). Reinforcement specifications, thickness and concrete grade are determined by design loads. Permissible deflections and crack resistance are regulated by BS EN 1990 and BS EN 13670.
Fire safety considerations: The fire resistance of concrete slabs must meet Class R (load-bearing capacity) and, where required, Class EI (thermal insulation and integrity) as defined in BS EN 13501-2. Minimum concrete cover thickness for reinforcement is specified in BS EN 1992-1-2.
Design life: The design service life of reinforced concrete slabs is a minimum of 50 years when maintained according to operational requirements and BS EN 1990 (structural reliability) specifications.
Testing regime: Quality control testing includes:
Compressive strength testing (BS EN 12390-3)
Freeze-thaw resistance (BS EN 12390-9)
Water permeability (BS EN 12390-8)
Reinforcement compliance verification (BS EN 10080)
Non-destructive testing may also be conducted (BS EN 12504-2)