Annotations

A-01-03 Aluminium Stick Curtain Wall System

General Information: The aluminium stick curtain wall system is used as an external envelope of a building, providing protection against environmental influences while defining the architectural appearance. The system comprises vertical and horizontal aluminium profiles assembled on site, which support either glazed or opaque infill panels.

Energy/Thermal Considerations: In accordance with the requirements of BS EN 13830, aluminium stick curtain wall systems must provide adequate thermal insulation to reduce heat loss. The thermal transmittance (U-value) must comply with the applicable standards for façade systems and varies depending on the type of infill and the presence of a thermal break. Air and water tightness must also be ensured in line with BS EN 12153 and BS EN 12155.

Technical Considerations: The system must be capable of withstanding wind loads and provide structural stability in accordance with BS EN 13116. All profiles and components used should exhibit corrosion resistance and meet strength and deformation criteria as specified in BS EN 13830. Additionally, aluminium systems must be designed to accommodate thermal expansion without compromising air or water tightness, or the overall integrity of the construction.

Fire Safety Considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13501-1, aluminium façade elements with non-combustible infill materials can achieve a fire performance classification of A2-s1,d0, indicating very limited combustibility, minimal smoke production, and no flaming droplets. The selection of infill and insulation materials must take into account their reaction to fire as per relevant regulations.

Design Life: The expected service life of the system is 30 years, as per BS EN 13830, provided that the system is correctly designed, installed, and subjected to regular maintenance.

Testing Regime: Testing includes assessments for air permeability (BS EN 12152), water tightness (BS EN 12154), resistance to wind load (BS EN 13116), thermal performance (BS EN ISO 10077-2), and acoustic insulation where applicable

A-02-07 Aluminium window system (Fixed window)

General Information: The Aluminium Window System (Fixed Window) is used in buildings for glazing openings, providing natural daylight and airtight closure. The fixed window design does not open and is applied in curtain walls, partitions, and other architectural elements.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The system must provide a low U-value and airtightness, reducing heat loss and condensation. The window may incorporate single or multi-chamber insulating glass units filled with argon or krypton and low-emissivity coatings. Thermal performance must comply with BS EN ISO 10077 (Thermal performance of windows) and BS EN 1279 (Insulating glass units).

Technical Considerations: The aluminium profile must have sufficient strength to withstand wind and service loads, complying with BS EN 755 and BS EN 12020 (Extruded aluminium profiles). The overall design must meet BS EN 1999-1-1 (Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures) and BS EN 14351-1 (Windows and doors – Product standard). Airtightness is achieved using seals compliant with BS EN 12365. The system must resist deformation, vibration, and temperature cycling.

Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium is classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1 and is non-combustible. Fire performance of the glazing depends on the type of insulating glass unit and seals. For systems with enhanced fire safety requirements, fire-resistant glass units compliant with BS EN 13501-2 are used.

Design Life: The expected service life of the Aluminium Window System (Fixed Window) is 30 years, provided correct installation, operation, and use of certified materials, in accordance with BS EN 1999-1-1 and BS EN 14351-1.

Testing Regime: The system must undergo tests for thermal performance (BS EN ISO 10077), airtightness and watertightness (BS EN 1027/12207), wind load resistance (BS EN 12210), structural strength, and seal durability. Fire performance is verified within the system using fire-rated glass in accordance with BS EN 13501-2.

A-03-02 Aluminium balcony door system (Outward opening side-hung door)

General Information: The Aluminium Balcony Door System (Outward Opening Side-Hung Door) is an aluminium door system with a side-hung sash that opens outwards, designed for access to balconies or terraces. It provides access, natural light, and ventilation while ensuring structural strength, weather resistance, and an aesthetically pleasing appearance.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The system must provide a high level of thermal insulation and airtightness to comply with energy efficiency requirements specified in BS EN 10077-1 and BS EN ISO 12567-1. The profile design typically incorporates a thermal break made from polyamide or other insulating materials to minimise heat transfer. The U-value must meet the standards for external doors under Building Regulations Part L. Air permeability and water tightness are tested in accordance with BS EN 1026 and BS EN 1027.

Technical Considerations: Door profiles are manufactured from aluminium alloys in accordance with BS EN 573 and BS EN 755, with anodised or powder-coated finishes according to BS EN 12206 for corrosion protection. Hardware, hinges, and locking components must comply with BS EN 1935 and BS EN 12209. The design must ensure smooth operation, secure locking, and resistance to wind loads as per BS EN 12211. Glazing typically uses double or triple insulating glass units in accordance with BS EN 1279 to improve thermal and acoustic performance.

Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium profiles and glass are classified as non-combustible, with a reaction to fire rating of A1 according to BS EN 13501-1. Seals and thermal breaks must be made from materials with a minimum fire classification of E. In buildings over 18 metres, fire spread through door openings must comply with BS 9991 and BS 476 Part 22.

Design Life: The expected service life of the aluminium door system is at least 30 years, provided correct installation, regular maintenance of hardware and seals, and compliance with operating conditions defined in BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9) and BS EN 6375-1.

Testing Regime: Testing should be conducted in accordance with:

BS EN 6375 (performance of windows and doors: air permeability, water tightness, wind load resistance);
BS EN 12207 / 12208 / 12210 (airtightness, watertightness, and wind resistance);
BS EN 12400 (durability of opening sashes);
BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire classification of materials);
BS EN 14351-1 (CE marking and certification of door units as construction products).

A-09-02 Aluminium louvre system (Built-in vent in windows / doors / curtain walls)

General Information: The Aluminium Louvre System (Built-In Vent in Windows / Doors / Curtain Walls) is an integrated ventilation system with aluminium louvre elements, incorporated into window, door, or curtain wall constructions. It is designed to provide natural or mechanical ventilation of interior spaces without compromising airtightness or the architectural appearance of the building.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The system must ensure the required level of air exchange while minimising heat loss. The design of the louvre blades and frame should meet the thermal performance requirements of BS EN ISO 10077-1 and BS EN ISO 12567-1. Thermal breaks and seals reduce heat transfer and prevent condensation. Air permeability and watertightness are tested in accordance with BS EN 1026 and BS EN 1027, while thermal transmittance is evaluated according to BS EN ISO 6946.

Technical Considerations: Aluminium components must be manufactured from alloys conforming to BS EN 573 and BS EN 755, with anodised or powder-coated finishes in accordance with BS EN 12206 for corrosion protection. Louvres must resist wind loads (BS EN 12211), allow unobstructed airflow when protected from precipitation, and prevent water ingress. Integration of acoustic and dust filters is permitted. All connections must be airtight and durable for outdoor exposure.

Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium blades and frames are classified as non-combustible, with a reaction to fire rating of A1 under BS EN 13501-1. Built-in seals and plastic components (e.g., thermal breaks or grilles) must have a minimum fire rating of E. In buildings over 18 metres, the system must be part of a façade assembly tested to BS 8414 and assessed under BR 135 to prevent fire spread through ventilation openings.

Design Life: The expected service life of the aluminium louvre system is at least 30 years, provided certified materials are used, installation is correct, and regular maintenance is performed in accordance with BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9) and BS EN 1090-1.

Testing Regime: Testing should be conducted in accordance with:

BS EN 13141-1 and BS EN 13141-2 (aerodynamic and acoustic performance of ventilation devices);
BS EN 1026 / BS EN 1027 (air and water permeability);
BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire classification of materials);
BS EN ISO 9227 (corrosion resistance of coatings);
BS 8414 and BR 135 (fire performance of façade systems, where applicable)

A-10-01 Aluminium balustrade system

General Information: The Aluminium Balustrade System is a protective railing system used on balconies, staircases, terraces, and roofs to ensure safety and provide an aesthetic finish to architectural elements of a building. It can consist of posts, handrails, infill panels made of glass, perforated panels, or solid aluminium elements.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The balustrade is not part of the building’s thermal envelope. However, its fixings may affect the thermal performance of façade junctions or balcony slabs. Thermal bridges at connections to the supporting structure must be considered in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946. Thermal breaks or insulating pads should be used where necessary to prevent condensation and heat loss.

Technical Considerations: The system must comply with strength, stability, and safety requirements according to BS 6180:2011 Barriers in and about buildings – Code of practice. Materials shall be aluminium alloys conforming to BS EN 573 and BS EN 755. All components must resist corrosion and environmental exposure, with anodised or powder-coated finishes in accordance with BS EN 12206. Fixings should conform to BS EN 1090-1 and be made from stainless steel. The design must withstand static and dynamic loads, including wind pressure and impact forces.

Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium is a non-combustible material with a reaction to fire classification of A1 according to BS EN 13501-1. Glass infill must comply with BS EN 12600 (impact resistance and safe failure). In buildings over 18 metres high, the balustrade and its fixings must not contribute to fire spread across the façade and should meet the requirements of BS 8414 and BR 135 if integrated into the façade.

Design Life: The expected service life of the aluminium balustrade system is at least 30 years, provided regular maintenance is performed and materials are appropriately selected, in accordance with BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9) and BS EN ISO 9223 (corrosion categories).

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

Strength and impact tests according to BS 6180 and BS EN 12600;
Corrosion resistance testing in accordance with BS EN ISO 9227 (salt spray);
Confirmation of fire performance according to BS EN 13501-1 (A1);
Strength testing of welded and bolted connections per BS EN ISO 6892-1;
Durability of coatings according to BS EN 12206 (powder coating) or BS EN 12373 (anodising).

C-01-01 Aluminium support bracket (Aluminium cladding)

General information: The aluminium support bracket is used to fix aluminium cladding panels to façade structures, providing stability and accurate positioning of the cladding elements. It ensures long-term fixation under various loads and weather conditions.

Energy / Thermal considerations:
The element has the high thermal conductivity of aluminium, which must be accounted for regarding expansion and contraction due to temperature changes. The design should minimise thermal bridging, in compliance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN 13947, to maintain thermal efficiency of the façade system.

Technical considerations:
The bracket must withstand static and dynamic loads, including the weight of cladding panels, wind loads, and potential seismic actions, in accordance with BS EN 1999-1-1 (Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures). Only corrosion-resistant aluminium alloys with anodised or powder-coated finishes are permitted to ensure durability.

Fire safety considerations:
Aluminium brackets are non-combustible; however, their use must be compatible with the fire performance of the façade system. Cladding materials should be classified A2-s1,d0 according to BS EN 13501-1 to minimise fire spread and smoke emission.

Design life: The expected service life of aluminium support brackets is 30 years, according to BS EN 1999-1-1, provided proper installation and operation in line with performance requirements.

Testing regime:
Brackets should be tested for strength and durability, including corrosion resistance (BS EN ISO 9227) and mechanical load testing (BS EN 1990, BS EN 1999-1-1)

C-01-02 Aluminium L-profile

General Information: An aluminium L-profile is an angular extrusion commonly used in ventilated façade systems for fixing, aligning, and joining cladding panels, as well as reinforcing corners and edges of the façade structure. It serves as part of the subframe in both external rainscreen systems and internal wall assemblies, providing structural alignment and support.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Due to aluminium’s high thermal conductivity, L-profiles can act as localised thermal bridges. To reduce adverse impacts on the thermal performance of the façade system, thermal isolators or breaks should be used where profiles penetrate or interact with the insulation layer. Thermal impact should be assessed in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridge modelling) and BS EN ISO 6946 (thermal transmittance).

Technical Considerations: The profile should be manufactured from aluminium or aluminium alloys compliant with BS EN 573-3 (chemical composition) and BS EN 755 (mechanical properties and tolerances). It must demonstrate sufficient stiffness and dimensional stability under wind, dead, and service loads. Surface treatment such as anodising or polyester powder coating is recommended for external use in accordance with BS EN 12206, ensuring corrosion resistance and durability.

Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium is classified as non-combustible (Class A1 under BS EN 13501-1). However, it loses mechanical strength at temperatures exceeding 300–400 °C. Therefore, in fire-critical zones or components contributing to fire barriers, its use must be justified through system-level fire testing in accordance with BS 8414 and performance evaluation to BR 135.

Design Life: The expected service life of an aluminium L-profile is at least 30 years, provided proper detailing, installation, and corrosion protection are ensured. Structural design should comply with BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9 – Design of aluminium structures) and manufacturing standards such as BS EN 1090-1 for CE marking and fabrication control.

Testing Regime: Performance testing includes:

Mechanical strength and deflection resistance per BS EN ISO 6892-1 (tensile properties);
Corrosion resistance assessment through salt spray testing as per BS EN ISO 9227;
Fire behaviour assessment as part of the façade system in accordance with BS 8414 and classification per BS EN 13501-1 (Class A1).

C-04-01 Stainless steel support bracket

General Information: The Stainless Steel Support Bracket for brick slip cladding is a load-bearing bracket used in brick panel façades to transfer loads from the cladding to the supporting wall or substructure. It ensures secure fixing of the cladding layer and provides stability of the façade system under various loading conditions.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The stainless steel bracket can create local thermal bridges within the façade. To minimise heat loss, thermal break pads should be installed between the bracket and the supporting wall, and connection details must be correctly designed in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946. These measures help maintain the energy efficiency of the façade and prevent condensation at fixing points.

Technical Considerations: The bracket material shall comply with BS EN 10088 (stainless steel, typically AISI 304 or 316 depending on the corrosion category according to BS EN ISO 9223). Brackets must be designed to withstand vertical and horizontal loads in accordance with BS EN 1993 (Eurocode 3) and BS EN 1090-1 (requirements for structural steel components). The design must allow for precise adjustment in height and depth, and ensure compatibility with guide rails and anchors used in brick slip cladding systems.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is non-combustible and classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1. In fire conditions, the bracket must retain its load-bearing capacity for the design fire duration. For façades of buildings over 18 metres, the system should be tested as part of the complete façade assembly according to BS 8414 and assessed against BR 135 to confirm compliance with fire safety requirements.

Design Life: The expected service life of the stainless steel bracket is at least 30 years, provided the appropriate steel grade is selected, galvanic corrosion is prevented, and the design meets the requirements of BS EN 1991 and BS EN 1993.

Testing Regime: Testing shall include:

Mechanical strength and load-bearing capacity in accordance with BS EN ISO 6892-1;
Corrosion resistance according to BS EN ISO 9227 (salt spray test);
Fire performance testing as part of the façade system according to BS 8414 and assessment against BR 135;
Verification of material compliance with BS EN 10088 (stainless steel) and reaction to fire classification A1 according to BS EN 13501-1.

C-04-02 Stainless steel L-profile

General Information: The Stainless Steel L-Profile for brick slip cladding is an angled profile used to support and fix brick slip panels, as well as to form straight horizontal and vertical joints. It ensures cladding stability, accurate positioning, and load transfer to the supporting brackets or substructure.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Although the L-profile is not a primary element of the thermal envelope, its fixings can create localised thermal bridges. To minimise heat loss, thermal break washers or pads should be used at points of contact with supporting elements. Thermal design should comply with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946. These measures reduce the risk of condensation and heat loss through the façade system.

Technical Considerations: L-profiles should be manufactured from stainless steel complying with BS EN 10088 (e.g., AISI 304 or 316 depending on the corrosion category according to BS EN ISO 9223). The design must provide high rigidity, precise geometry, and resistance to loads from cladding weight and wind pressure. Profile thickness and configuration must be calculated according to BS EN 1993 (Eurocode 3). All welded or connected elements must be executed in accordance with BS EN ISO 15614 and BS EN 1090-1 (requirements for structural steel components).

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is non-combustible and classified as A1 according to BS EN 13501-1. Within the façade system, the profile does not contribute to flame spread or smoke development. For buildings over 18 m, the system including this element should be tested according to BS 8414 and assessed against BR 135 to confirm compliance with fire safety requirements.

Design Life: The expected service life of the stainless steel L-profile is at least 30 years, provided the appropriate steel grade is selected, galvanic corrosion is prevented, and installation follows the requirements of BS EN 1993 and BS EN ISO 9223.

Testing Regime: Testing should include:

BS EN ISO 6892-1 (mechanical strength and yield limit);
BS EN ISO 9227 (corrosion resistance — salt spray test);
BS EN 10088 (compliance with stainless steel chemical composition);
BS 8414 and BR 135 (fire performance of the façade system, if applicable);
BS EN 13501-1 (verification of A1 reaction to fire classification)

C-04-05 Horizontal rail

General Information: The Horizontal Rail for brick slip cladding is a horizontal support element of the substructure, designed to support and fix brick slip panels. It ensures correct positioning of the cladding, even load distribution, and stability of the façade system under wind and static loads.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Horizontal rails can create linear thermal bridges between the cladding and the supporting wall. To minimise heat loss, thermal break inserts or insulating pads should be used at fixing points. Thermal calculations should be performed in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946. These measures help maintain the façade’s energy efficiency and prevent condensation.

Technical Considerations: Rails are manufactured from aluminium or stainless steel, depending on design requirements and operating conditions. For stainless steel, the material must comply with BS EN 10088 (AISI 304 or 316), and for aluminium, with BS EN 573 and BS EN 755. Profiles must ensure geometric accuracy, rigidity, durability, and compatibility with brackets and fixing elements of the brick slip system. Design should follow BS EN 1993 (for steel) or BS EN 1999 (for aluminium), with load-bearing capacity verified according to BS EN 1090-1.

Fire Safety Considerations: Both stainless steel and aluminium are non-combustible and classified as A1 according to BS EN 13501-1. Within the façade system, the rail does not contribute to flame spread or smoke development. For buildings over 18 m, the façade system incorporating this element should be tested in accordance with BS 8414 and assessed against BR 135 to confirm compliance with fire safety requirements.

Design Life: The expected service life of the horizontal rail is at least 30 years, provided the correct material is selected, corrosion protection is applied, and installation is performed in accordance with BS EN 1993 / BS EN 1999 and BS EN ISO 9223.

Testing Regime: Testing should include:

BS EN ISO 6892-1 (mechanical strength and yield limit);
BS EN ISO 9227 (corrosion resistance — salt spray test);
BS EN 10088 or BS EN 755 (material compliance);
BS EN 1090-1 (structural performance of metallic components);
BS 8414 and BR 135 (façade system fire performance, if applicable);
BS EN 13501-1 (verification of A1 reaction to fire classification)

C-05-01 Aluminium support bracket

General Information: An aluminium support bracket is a load-bearing component designed to connect façade systems (e.g. ventilated rainscreen or stick curtain wall systems) to the building’s primary structural frame. The bracket transfers both static and wind loads from the façade to the structural substrate and provides the necessary stand-off distance between the cladding and the building envelope.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Aluminium brackets act as potential thermal bridges; therefore, reducing heat transfer through fixing points is essential. This can be achieved by incorporating thermal breaks, low-conductivity pads, or optimising the quantity and arrangement of metallic connections. Thermal performance should be assessed in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946. Proper insulation detailing around the bracket is critical to prevent condensation and minimise thermal losses.

Technical Considerations: Brackets must have adequate load-bearing capacity, corrosion resistance, and geometric precision. They should comply with BS EN 1090 (execution of aluminium and steel structures) and BS EN 515/573-3 (mechanical properties of aluminium alloys). Particular attention must be paid to shear and bending strength, especially at anchorage points and during load transfer to fixing elements. Resistance to fatigue and cyclic loading is also important, particularly in areas exposed to high wind pressures.

Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium brackets are classified as non-combustible components. However, their mechanical strength significantly decreases at elevated temperatures (typically above 300–400 °C). While brackets themselves are not usually classified under BS EN 13501-1, when installed in façade systems on buildings exceeding 18 metres in height, additional fire protection measures may be required to prevent flame spread through fixing zones. Their use must be assessed as part of complete façade fire performance tests such as BS 8414 and evaluations under BR 135.

Design Life: The expected service life of aluminium support brackets is at least 30 years, in accordance with BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9 — Design of aluminium structures), assuming protection from contact corrosion and compliance with prescribed load and environmental conditions. Anodised or powder-coated finishes further enhance corrosion resistance.

Testing Regime: Testing includes both static and dynamic load assessments according to BS EN 1090-3 and BS EN ISO 6892-1 (tensile testing of metallic materials). Corrosion resistance is evaluated using salt spray testing (BS EN ISO 9227) and environmental durability standards such as BS EN ISO 12944. Fire resistance is verified as part of full-scale façade system testing to BS 8414, while thermal performance at bracket interfaces is assessed per BS EN ISO 10211.

C-05-02 Aluminium L-profile

Testing Regime: Performance testing includes:

Mechanical strength and deflection resistance per BS EN ISO 6892-1 (tensile properties);
Corrosion resistance assessment through salt spray testing as per BS EN ISO 9227;
Fire behaviour assessment as part of the façade system in accordance with BS 8414 and classification per BS EN 13501-1 (Class A1).

C-05-04 Horizontal rail (for Fibre cement panel)

General Information: The horizontal rail used for securing fibre cement panels is a component of ventilated façade systems, providing stable and level installation of cladding elements with evenly distributed loads.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: From a thermal performance perspective, the rail must minimise thermal bridging and comply with BS EN ISO 10211 to preserve the façade’s overall thermal insulation properties.

Technical Considerations: Technical specifications are governed by BS EN 1993 (Eurocode 3) and BS EN 1090, which ensure high structural strength, corrosion resistance, and geometric precision for long-term performance.

Fire Safety Considerations: In terms of fire safety, the component must achieve a Class A1 rating in accordance with BS EN 13501-1, confirming its non-combustible nature.

Design Life: The expected service life is at least 30 years, in line with BS EN 845-1 and BS EN 1090, assuming correct installation and regular maintenance.

Testing Regime: Testing includes assessments of load-bearing capacity, corrosion resistance, and durability under climatic exposure.

C-05-05 Aluminium top hanger

General Information: The aluminium top hanger is a fixing component used to secure fibre cement panels to the supporting framework of a ventilated façade system. It is installed at the top edge of the panel and is responsible for reliably transferring both the self-weight and wind loads of the cladding to the substructure. The top hanger is typically used in systems with concealed or semi-concealed fixings.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Although aluminium is not an insulating material, the use of metallic fixings must account for potential thermal bridging. Point thermal bridges may occur at fixing locations and should be assessed in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211. It is recommended to combine top hangers with thermal isolating pads or position them outside the primary thermal envelope. Overall façade thermal performance is to be calculated following BS EN ISO 6946.

Technical Considerations: The fixing component must demonstrate adequate strength, dimensional accuracy, and corrosion resistance. It should be manufactured in compliance with BS EN 515 and BS EN 573-3 (mechanical properties of aluminium alloys), and fabricated under BS EN 1090-3 (execution of aluminium structures). The top hanger must resist wind loads and in-service forces in line with design calculations per BS EN 1991-1-4. Its geometry must prevent panel slippage and ensure secure retention under thermal movement and structural tolerances.

Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium fixings are classified as non-combustible; however, they lose mechanical integrity at elevated temperatures above 300 °C. While individual fixings are generally not classified under BS EN 13501-1, their performance must be evaluated as part of full-scale façade fire tests such as BS 8414. Use on buildings over 18 metres in height is acceptable only if fire barriers and assemblies comply with BR 135 and façade safety regulations.

Design Life: The expected service life of the aluminium top hanger is at least 30 years, in line with BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9 – Design of aluminium structures), provided it is protected against contact with aggressive environments and galvanic corrosion. Anodised or powder-coated finishes enhance long-term durability and corrosion resistance.

Testing Regime: Performance testing includes static shear and pull-out resistance per BS EN ISO 6892-1, and accelerated corrosion testing (salt spray) in accordance with BS EN ISO 9227. Thermal and fire performance of the fixing must be validated within the complete façade assembly, assessed under BS EN ISO 10211 and BS 8414.

C-05-06 Aluminium corner support bracket

General Information: The Aluminium Corner Support Bracket for stone cladding is an angled load-bearing aluminium bracket used in ventilated façade systems with stone panels. It is designed to support and fix cladding panels at corners and junctions, ensuring precise positioning and transferring loads to the supporting substructure.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Aluminium brackets can create thermal bridges, affecting the energy efficiency of the façade system. To reduce heat loss, thermal break pads should be installed between the bracket and the supporting structure, and thermal calculations should be performed in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946. This helps to prevent condensation and maintain the thermal performance of the building envelope.

Technical Considerations: The bracket is made from aluminium alloys conforming to BS EN 573 and BS EN 755, with anodised or powder-coated finishes per BS EN 12206 to enhance corrosion resistance. The design must allow adjustment along three axes for precise installation of stone panels. Strength and load-bearing capacity (including panel weight, wind pressure, and thermal deformation) should be verified according to BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9) and BS EN 1090-1. All connections should use stainless steel fasteners compliant with BS EN ISO 3506.

Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium is non-combustible and classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1. For buildings over 18 m, façades incorporating this bracket must be tested as part of a complete façade assembly in accordance with BS 8414 and assessed to BR 135 to ensure the system does not contribute to vertical fire spread.

Design Life: The expected service life of the aluminium corner support bracket is at least 30 years, provided the correct alloy is used, protective coatings are applied, and operating conditions comply with BS EN 1999 and BS EN ISO 9223.

Testing Regime: Testing should include:

BS EN ISO 6892-1 (mechanical strength and yield of aluminium);
BS EN 1090-1 (structural performance and compliance of metallic components);
BS EN ISO 9227 (corrosion resistance of coatings);
BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire — A1 classification);
BS 8414 and BR 135 (façade system fire performance, if applicable)

C-07-01 Stainless steel support bracket

General Information: The Stainless Steel Support Bracket for masonry cladding is a load-bearing bracket used in ventilated façade systems with stone or brickwork (masonry cladding). It is designed to transfer the weight of the cladding to the supporting wall or structural frame, ensuring stability, alignment, and long-term durability of the façade system.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Stainless steel brackets create localised thermal bridges between the cladding and the supporting wall. To reduce heat loss, thermal break pads made of polyamide or other insulating materials should be used at points of contact with the structure, in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946. These measures reduce heat transfer and prevent condensation, maintaining the energy efficiency of the façade.

Technical Considerations: The bracket material must comply with BS EN 10088 (stainless steel, typically AISI 304 or 316 depending on the corrosivity category per BS EN ISO 9223). The design should allow adjustment in height and depth for precise installation of masonry elements. Load-bearing capacity and structural stability are calculated according to BS EN 1993 (Eurocode 3) and BS EN 1090-1. All welded and jointed connections must comply with BS EN ISO 15614. Fasteners should be stainless steel per BS EN ISO 3506 to prevent galvanic corrosion.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is non-combustible and classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1. The bracket does not contribute to flame spread or smoke development. For buildings over 18 m in height, the façade system incorporating this bracket must be tested as part of a complete façade assembly in accordance with BS 8414 and assessed to BR 135 to confirm compliance with fire safety requirements.

Design Life: The expected service life of the stainless steel support bracket is at least 30 years, provided the correct steel grade is selected and appropriate galvanic protection is applied, in accordance with BS EN 1993 (Eurocode 3) and BS EN ISO 9223 (corrosivity categories).

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

BS EN ISO 6892-1 (tensile testing and yield strength);
BS EN ISO 9227 (corrosion resistance — salt spray testing);
BS EN 10088 (material composition compliance);
BS 8414 and BR 135 (façade system fire performance, if applicable);
BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire — A1);
BS EN 1090-1 (assessment of load-bearing performance of metallic components).

C-07-02 Stainless steel support angle

General Information: The Stainless Steel Support Angle for masonry cladding is a load-bearing angle used in ventilated façade systems with stone or brickwork (masonry cladding). It is designed to transfer vertical loads from the cladding to the supporting structure and to support and align the lower courses of cladding elements.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Stainless steel support angles can form thermal bridges within the façade system. To minimise heat loss and prevent condensation, thermal break pads should be used between the angle and the supporting wall, and thermal calculations carried out in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946. These measures ensure compliance with the energy efficiency requirements of the façade assembly under Building Regulations Part L.

Technical Considerations: The support angle must be manufactured from stainless steel complying with BS EN 10088 (typically AISI 304 or 316 depending on the corrosivity category per BS EN ISO 9223). The design must provide sufficient stiffness and strength to support the weight of the masonry and withstand wind loads, with calculations in accordance with BS EN 1993 (Eurocode 3). All elements must be manufactured and certified in accordance with BS EN 1090-1. Welded joints must comply with BS EN ISO 15614, and fasteners must be stainless steel per BS EN ISO 3506.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is non-combustible and classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1. The support angle does not contribute to flame spread or smoke production. For buildings over 18 m in height, the façade system incorporating this element must be tested as part of the complete façade assembly in accordance with BS 8414 and assessed to BR 135 to confirm compliance with fire safety requirements.

Design Life: The expected service life of the stainless steel support angle is at least 30 years, provided the correct steel grade is selected, installation is carried out correctly, and regular maintenance is performed, in accordance with BS EN 1993 and BS EN ISO 9223.

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

BS EN ISO 6892-1 (mechanical strength and yield stress);
BS EN ISO 9227 (corrosion resistance — salt spray testing);
BS EN 10088 (material composition compliance);
BS EN 1090-1 (assessment of load-bearing capacity of metallic components);
BS 8414 and BR 135 (façade system fire performance, if applicable);
BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire — A1)

C-07-04 Stainless steel ties

General Information: Stainless steel ties for masonry cladding are stainless steel anchors used to mechanically connect and secure the cladding layer to the supporting wall or substructure. They ensure the stability of the cladding, transfer horizontal loads (wind and thermal), and prevent displacement or failure of the façade layer.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Stainless steel ties act as point thermal bridges. To minimise heat loss and condensation at connection points, the use of thermal insulating sleeves or pads is recommended, along with thermal analysis in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946. These measures help maintain the façade system’s compliance with energy efficiency requirements under Building Regulations Part L.

Technical Considerations: Ties must comply with BS EN 845-1 (Specification for ancillary components for masonry – wall ties, tension straps, hangers and brackets) and BS EN 10088 (stainless steel grades AISI 304 or 316). Design should consider the type of masonry, wall thickness, tie spacing, and wind loads in accordance with BS EN 1996-1-1 (Eurocode 6). Fasteners must be corrosion-resistant, provide reliable fixing, and allow sufficient flexibility to accommodate differential movement between the cladding and the supporting wall.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is non-combustible and classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1. Ties do not contribute to flame spread or smoke generation. For façades on buildings over 18 m in height, their use must be verified as part of a system tested to BS 8414 and assessed to BR 135.

Design Life: The expected service life of stainless steel ties is at least 60 years, provided the correct steel grade is selected according to the environmental corrosivity category (per BS EN ISO 9223) and proper installation is carried out in accordance with BS EN 1996-2.

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

BS EN 845-1 (mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and dimensional tolerances);
BS EN ISO 6892-1 (tensile testing);
BS EN ISO 9227 (corrosion resistance — salt spray test);
BS EN 10088 (material composition compliance);
BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire — A1);
BS 8414 and BR 135 (façade system fire performance, if applicable)

C-07-06 Plain Channel for ties

General Information: Plain channel for ties is a stainless steel mounting channel (guide profile) used for the installation and adjustment of ties in stone or brick cladding systems (masonry cladding). It ensures secure attachment of the ties to the supporting structure, provides even load distribution from the cladding layer, and facilitates installation and subsequent maintenance of the façade.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The channel may act as a linear thermal bridge between the cladding and the supporting wall. To minimise heat loss, the use of thermal break pads or insulating inserts between the profile and the supporting structure is recommended, along with thermal calculations in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946. These measures help ensure that the façade detail complies with energy efficiency requirements under Building Regulations Part L.

Technical Considerations: The profile should be made of stainless steel in accordance with BS EN 10088 (grades AISI 304 or 316, depending on service conditions and environmental corrosivity per BS EN ISO 9223). It must be designed to carry loads from the ties and cladding layer in accordance with BS EN 1993 (Eurocode 3). The channel should provide sufficient rigidity, resistance to deformation, and dimensional accuracy. All elements and fixings must comply with BS EN 1090-1 (assessment of structural metallic components) and BS EN ISO 3506 (stainless steel fasteners).

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is non-combustible and classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1. The profile does not contribute to flame spread or smoke production. For façades on buildings over 18 m in height, the use of this element is only permitted as part of systems tested to BS 8414 and assessed to BR 135.

Design Life: The expected service life of the plain channel is at least 30 years, provided the appropriate steel grade is selected and the installation complies with operational conditions set out in BS EN 1993 (Eurocode 3) and BS EN ISO 9223.

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

BS EN ISO 6892-1 (tensile strength and yield stress);
BS EN ISO 9227 (corrosion resistance — salt spray test);
BS EN 10088 (compliance with stainless steel chemical composition);
BS EN 1090-1 (assessment of load-bearing capacity of metallic elements);
BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire — A1);
BS 8414 and BR 135 (façade system fire performance, if applicable).

C-07-07 Compression Sleeves

General Information: Compression sleeves are metallic or composite sleeves used in stone or brick cladding systems (masonry cladding) to prevent compression of insulation and ensure reliable load transfer from ties to the supporting structure. They are installed together with ties passing through the insulation layer and help maintain the design distance between the cladding and the substrate wall.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: As sleeves pass through the insulation layer, they can act as point thermal bridges. To minimise heat loss and preserve energy efficiency, the use of sleeves made from thermally insulating materials (e.g., nylon, polyamide, or low-conductivity composites) is recommended, in accordance with BS EN ISO 10077-2. For metallic sleeves, thermal performance of the detail should be verified in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946.

Technical Considerations: Compression sleeves must be compatible with ties installed according to BS EN 845-1 (Wall ties, tension straps, hangers and brackets) and transmit loads without deforming the insulation. Sleeve size and material are selected based on insulation thickness and mechanical requirements in accordance with BS EN ISO 6892-1. Metallic sleeves are made from stainless steel per BS EN 10088 (AISI 304 or 316), while polymer sleeves use materials compliant with BS EN ISO 527 (tensile testing of plastics).

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel sleeves are non-combustible and classified A1 under BS EN 13501-1. Polymer sleeves should have a minimum classification of E under the same standard. For buildings over 18 m, only metallic sleeves or systems that have passed full façade fire testing to BS 8414 and assessed to BR 135 are permitted.

Design Life: Expected service life is at least 30 years for polymer sleeves and 60 years for stainless steel sleeves, provided the correct material selection, installation, and operating conditions are observed, in accordance with BS EN 1993 (steel) and BS EN ISO 1043 (polymers).

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

BS EN 845-1 (mechanical compatibility with ties and anchors);
BS EN ISO 6892-1 (tensile strength for metallic sleeves);
BS EN ISO 527 (tensile testing for polymer sleeves);
BS EN ISO 9227 (corrosion resistance for metallic sleeves);
BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire: A1 for steel, E for polymer);
BS 8414 and BR 135 (façade system fire performance, if applicable).

C-07-08 Reveal Support Plate

General Information: The Reveal Support Plate is a stainless steel support plate used in masonry cladding systems (stone or brick) to support and fix cladding elements in reveal areas around windows and door openings. The plate ensures accurate positioning of the cladding, transfers loads to the supporting structure, and prevents deformation of the cladding layer.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: As the support plate passes through the insulation layer, it can act as a local thermal bridge. To minimise heat loss, it is recommended to use thermal break pads between the plate and the supporting structure, and to perform thermal calculations in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946. Where necessary, the plate can incorporate insulating inserts or composite materials to improve the thermal performance of the façade detail.

Technical Considerations: The plate should be made of stainless steel compliant with BS EN 10088 (AISI 304 or 316 depending on environmental conditions and corrosion category per BS EN ISO 9223). The design must provide sufficient rigidity and strength to carry local loads from stone panels and wind pressure, in accordance with BS EN 1993 (Eurocode 3). The product must comply with BS EN 1090-1 (execution of steel and aluminium structures). Fixings should be stainless steel per BS EN ISO 3506.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is non-combustible and has a reaction-to-fire classification of A1 according to BS EN 13501-1. The plate does not contribute to flame spread or smoke generation. For buildings over 18 m, the system including this element must be tested as part of the full façade assembly according to BS 8414 and assessed under BR 135.

Design Life: Expected service life is at least 30 years, provided the correct steel grade is used and operating conditions comply with BS EN 1993 (Eurocode 3) and BS EN ISO 9223.

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

BS EN ISO 6892-1 (tensile strength and yield limit);
BS EN ISO 9227 (corrosion resistance — salt spray test);
BS EN 10088 (compliance with stainless steel chemical composition);
BS EN 1090-1 (assessment of load-bearing properties of metallic elements);
BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire — A1);
BS 8414 and BR 135 (façade system fire performance, if applicable)

D-01-01 Aluminium Support Bracket, Fixed Point (Stick Curtain Wall)

General Information: The aluminium support bracket, designated as a fixed point for stick curtain wall systems, is employed for the rigid attachment of mullions to the primary loadbearing structure of a building. This component ensures the structural anchoring of the façade system, transmitting both vertical and horizontal loads to the structural frame.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Although aluminium brackets do not directly influence thermal transmittance, their installation must incorporate thermal separation between the façade assembly and the loadbearing wall. In accordance with BS EN 13830, the use of thermal break pads or insulating inserts may be specified to minimise thermal bridging at anchorage points.

Technical Considerations: Brackets must comply with the mechanical performance requirements of BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures) and be engineered to accommodate both permanent and variable actions, including façade self-weight, wind loads, and thermal movement. Fixed points shall provide a rigid restraint to mullions with no allowance for movement, in contrast to sliding or floating points, and must possess adequate loadbearing capacity as validated through structural analysis and performance testing. The material shall exhibit resistance to corrosion under external environmental conditions, typically through anodising or polyester powder coating.

Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium support brackets are generally classified as non-combustible materials, potentially achieving Euroclass A1 in accordance with BS EN 13501-1. However, any associated components such as thermal break elements or gaskets must also meet relevant fire performance requirements, with classification not lower than A2-s1,d0 when assessed as part of the overall façade assembly.

Design Life: The anticipated service life of aluminium support brackets is a minimum of 30 years, subject to appropriate installation and environmental conditions, in line with BS EN 13830 and manufacturer recommendations.

Testing Regime: Testing may include verification of loadbearing capacity and deformation behaviour in accordance with BS EN 14609, which specifies test methods for structural components.

D-01-02 Aluminium Support Bracket, Sliding Point (Stick Curtain Wall)

General Information: The aluminium support bracket, functioning as a sliding point within stick curtain wall systems, is designed to provide flexible anchorage of mullions to the building's structural frame. Unlike fixed points, sliding connections accommodate thermal expansion and movement of the façade, thereby preventing deformation and potential damage to the system.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: As with fixed brackets, sliding point components are not direct thermal insulators. However, in accordance with BS EN 13830, façade system design must aim to minimise thermal bridging. To achieve this, thermal insulating pads may be installed between the bracket and the structural substrate.

Technical Considerations: Sliding brackets must reliably support vertical loads from the façade elements while allowing for horizontal displacement within a single plane. In accordance with BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures), the bracket assembly shall be engineered to resist all relevant loads, while permitting defined movements. Adequate strength, stiffness, and resistance to displacement in unintended directions are essential. All materials used must demonstrate corrosion resistance suitable for external use and comply with BS EN 755 and BS EN 485 standards for aluminium alloys.

Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium brackets are generally considered non-combustible and may achieve a Euroclass A1 rating as per BS EN 13501-1. Any supplementary materials used at the sliding connection—such as pads, insulators, or washers—must also be tested and classified for fire resistance to at least A2-s1,d0, if incorporated as part of the external wall build-up.

Design Life: The expected design life of sliding aluminium brackets is a minimum of 30 years, in accordance with the performance requirements for façade systems set out in BS EN 13830.

Testing Regime: Testing should verify load resistance and the operational functionality of the sliding mechanism, in line with BS EN 14609 and the broader system testing framework of BS EN 13830.

D-06-01 Stainless steel support bracket (Window)

General Information: The stainless steel support bracket for windows is used to fix window frames to the primary building structure, ensuring the transfer of operational and wind loads, and securing the window units in their designed position.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: In accordance with BS EN 10077 and BS EN ISO 6946, the bracket must be installed to minimise thermal bridging. The use of thermal insulating pads or combined fixing assemblies helps reduce heat loss and maintain the designed thermal transmittance (U-value) of the window system.

Technical Considerations: The bracket must comply with BS EN 1090 (fabrication of steel structures) and BS EN 10088 (stainless steel — mechanical properties and corrosion resistance). The design must withstand static and dynamic loads from the window unit in accordance with BS EN 14351-1 (windows and doors) and BS EN 1991 (structural loads).

Fire Safety Considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, stainless steel is classified as A1, ensuring it is non-combustible, produces no smoke, and does not contribute to fire development.

Design Life: The expected service life of the window support bracket is at least 30 years, provided that the stainless steel grade is selected in accordance with BS EN 10088 and the fixing details are properly designed in accordance with BS EN 1090.

Testing Regime: Testing must be carried out in accordance with BS EN 1090 to confirm load-bearing capacity and compliance with design loads, and BS EN ISO 3506 to verify the properties of stainless steel. Additional testing may be carried out in accordance with BS EN 14609 (mechanical performance of window fixings).

E-01-01 Stainless steel anchor bolt

General Information: The stainless steel anchor bolt is utilised to ensure secure fixing of façade, structural, or service elements (including aluminium support brackets) to concrete or masonry substrates. It provides effective load transfer from the system to the building’s structural frame and maintains resistance to external forces.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Although anchor bolts do not serve as thermal insulation components, their use may result in localised thermal bridging. In systems where thermal separation is critical, the inclusion of thermally insulating sleeves or pads may be required. In accordance with BS EN ISO 10211, thermal bridging around fasteners can be assessed using heat flow simulations.

Technical Considerations: In accordance with BS EN 1992-4 (Eurocode 2: Design of fastenings for use in concrete), anchor bolts must be designed to withstand the relevant actions — tensile, shear, or combined — taking into account the type of substrate (e.g., concrete, solid brick). The material must conform to the mechanical performance requirements of BS EN ISO 3506 for stainless steels. Installation shall ensure the specified embedment depth, precision class, and pull-out resistance. Additionally, anchors must demonstrate durability under cyclic loading and fatigue resistance, particularly in high-rise structures or areas exposed to significant wind action.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is classified as non-combustible and typically achieves a Euroclass A1 rating in accordance with BS EN 13501-1. Under fire conditions, anchor bolts must retain their loadbearing capacity for a specified duration, governed by BS EN 1992-1-2 (structural fire design for concrete structures). Selection must consider the reduction in material strength at elevated temperatures.

Design Life: The anticipated design life of stainless steel anchors is at least 50 years, provided they comply with BS EN 1992-4, are manufactured from corrosion-resistant steel (e.g., grade A4 as per BS EN ISO 3506-1), and are used in environmental conditions appropriate to their specification.

Testing Regime: Anchors shall be tested in accordance with ETAG 001 (European Technical Approval Guidelines for Metal Anchors) and BS EN 846-6, which defines the method for determining pull-out resistance of anchors in masonry.

E-04-03 Stainless steel bolt (No1 washer+No1 threaded rivet nut)

General Information: The Stainless Steel Bolt assembly (comprising No1 washer and No1 threaded rivet nut) is a fastening set used for connecting metal components in façade systems, including cladding brackets, rails, and supporting profiles in masonry and curtain wall constructions. It provides a secure, removable connection with high resistance to vibration and mechanical loads.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Stainless steel fasteners can form local thermal bridges at points where insulation is penetrated. To minimise heat loss, it is recommended to use thermal insulating washers or sleeves, and to evaluate the thermal performance of façade junctions in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946.

Technical Considerations: The bolts, washers, and rivet nuts must comply with BS EN ISO 3506-1 and BS EN ISO 3506-2 (mechanical properties and chemical composition of stainless steel fasteners). Materials should be stainless steel grades A2 (AISI 304) or A4 (AISI 316), selected according to the corrosion category per BS EN ISO 9223. The components must provide a reliable connection in accordance with BS EN 1090-1 (assessment of metallic load-bearing components). Mechanical testing is performed in accordance with BS EN ISO 898-1.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is non-combustible with a reaction-to-fire classification of A1 according to BS EN 13501-1. The fasteners do not contribute to flame spread or smoke development. For buildings over 18 m, these components may be used without restriction, provided the overall façade system complies with BS 8414 and BR 135.

Design Life: The expected service life of the stainless steel fasteners is at least 60 years, given correct selection of steel grade, protection against galvanic corrosion, and adherence to BS EN ISO 9223 and BS EN 1993 (Eurocode 3).

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

BS EN ISO 3506-1 / -2 (mechanical and corrosion properties of stainless steel fasteners);
BS EN ISO 898-1 (tensile and yield strength of bolts);
BS EN ISO 9227 (corrosion resistance — salt spray test);
BS EN 1090-1 (assessment of compliance of metallic structural components);
BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire — A1);
BS 8414 and BR 135 (façade system fire performance, if applicable)

E-05-01 Stainless steel anchor (bracket to concrete)

General information: The stainless steel anchor (bracket to concrete) is used for secure fixing of building or façade structures to concrete substrates. Anchors transfer loads from the attached elements to the concrete without the need for drilling or additional surface preparation and are used in both civil and industrial construction.

Energy / Thermal considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 10077 and BS EN 1993, stainless steel anchors have minimal impact on the thermal performance of the structure. Where thermal bridging needs to be minimised, thermal break inserts can be used between the anchors and façade panels to maintain building energy efficiency.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 1992-4 and BS EN 1993-1-4, anchors must provide high load-bearing capacity, fatigue resistance, and vibration durability. The material complies with BS EN 10088 (stainless steel), and dimensions, tolerances, and threaded connections are manufactured in accordance with BS EN ISO 898 and BS EN ISO 965. The anchor design ensures even load distribution onto the concrete substrate and reliable engagement with the fixing element.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, stainless steel is classified as an A1 material (non-combustible), preventing fire and smoke generation. Anchors maintain strength and stability under high temperatures for the standard fire resistance duration of the concrete structure in accordance with BS EN 1992-1-2 and BS EN 1993-1-2.

Design life: Expected design life: 50 years according to BS EN 1992-4 and BS EN 1993-1-4. The use of stainless steel grades A2 or A4 according to BS EN 10088 ensures long-term durability of anchors in exterior conditions and aggressive environments without significant corrosion.

Testing regime: In accordance with BS EN 1992-4 and BS EN 1993-1-4, anchors are tested for tensile, shear, and fatigue strength. Additional tests include corrosion resistance in accordance with BS EN ISO 9227 (salt spray) and verification of reliable anchor fixation in concrete substrates according to BS EN 1881

E-06-01 Stainless steel screw (bracket to LSF)

General information: The stainless steel screw (bracket to LSF) is used for fixing brackets and other elements to Light Steel Frames (LSF). It provides a secure connection without the need for welding and allows rapid installation of façade systems and engineering components.

Energy / Thermal considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 10077 and BS EN 1993, stainless steel screws have minimal impact on the thermal performance of the frame. Where thermal bridging needs to be minimised, the fixing assemblies can be supplemented with thermal break or insulating pads to maintain the building’s energy efficiency.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 3506, the screw must provide the required tensile, torsional, and fatigue strength. Threading and dimensions are manufactured in accordance with BS EN ISO 898 and BS EN ISO 965. The screw, washer, and nut (if used) comply with BS EN 10088, ensuring durability of the connection and corrosion resistance. The design allows for even load transfer from the bracket to the frame without causing deformations.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, stainless steel is classified as A1 (non-combustible), preventing fire and smoke generation. The screw retains its strength under high temperatures for the standard fire resistance duration of the steel frame in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-2.

Design life: Expected design life: 50 years according to BS EN ISO 3506 and BS EN 1993-1-4. The use of stainless steel grades A2 or A4 according to BS EN 10088 ensures long-term durability of the fixings even in exterior conditions and high humidity environments.

Testing regime: In accordance with BS EN ISO 3506 and BS EN 1993-1-4, screws are tested for mechanical strength, torque, and fatigue resistance. Corrosion resistance tests are carried out in accordance with BS EN ISO 9227 (salt spray). For LSF systems, the screw’s holding capacity in thin-walled steel profiles is also verified

E-07-01 Stainless steel cast-in channel

General Information: The Stainless Steel Cast-in Channel is a stainless steel anchor channel embedded into reinforced concrete elements to enable secure attachment of cladding and structural support systems in masonry façades. It provides a safe, adjustable connection for façade brackets, rails, and support profiles, distributing loads evenly and reducing stress concentrations in the concrete.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Anchor channels may form thermal bridges through the building’s concrete envelope. To reduce heat loss, the use of thermal break pads or low-conductivity anchors is recommended where channels penetrate insulated zones. Thermal calculations should be performed in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946 to ensure compliance with the energy efficiency requirements of Building Regulations Part L.

Technical Considerations: The product must comply with BS EN 1090-1 (execution of steel structures) and BS EN 10088 (stainless steel grades AISI 304 or AISI 316). Mechanical performance and strength of the anchors must be verified in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-8 (Eurocode 3) and BS EN 1992-4 (Design of fastenings for use in concrete). The system must be tested and certified to CE or UKCA standards. All connecting bolts and anchors should comply with BS EN ISO 3506-1 / -2.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is non-combustible with a reaction-to-fire classification of A1 according to BS EN 13501-1. Anchor channels do not contribute to flame spread or smoke production. For buildings over 18 m, their use is permitted only as part of a façade system tested to BS 8414 and assessed to BR 135.

Design Life: The expected service life of cast-in anchor channels is at least 60 years, provided the correct steel grade is selected and appropriate corrosion protection is applied, in accordance with BS EN ISO 9223 and BS EN 1993 (Eurocode 3).

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

BS EN 1090-1 (assessment of conformity of load-bearing steel structures);
BS EN 1992-4 (testing of anchors and channels in concrete);
BS EN ISO 3506-1 / -2 (mechanical and corrosion properties of stainless steel fasteners);
BS EN ISO 6892-1 (tensile strength and yield testing);
BS EN ISO 9227 (corrosion resistance — salt spray test);
BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire — A1);
BS 8414 and BR 135 (façade system fire performance, if applicable).

E-07-02 Stainless steel T-bolt (nut+washer)

General Information: The Stainless Steel T-Bolt is a T-shaped bolt supplied with a nut and washer, used to connect façade brackets, profiles, and support elements to cast-in anchor channels in masonry fixing systems. It provides a secure, adjustable, and removable connection, transferring loads from the cladding to the supporting structure.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: As the bolt and its connecting components pass through the insulation layer, they may form point thermal bridges. To minimise heat loss, it is recommended to use thermal insulating pads or washers and perform thermal calculations in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946, ensuring compliance with Building Regulations Part L.

Technical Considerations: T-bolts, nuts, and washers must comply with BS EN ISO 3506-1 and BS EN ISO 3506-2 (mechanical and corrosion properties of stainless steel fasteners). Materials used are stainless steel grades A2 (AISI 304) or A4 (AISI 316), selected according to the environmental corrosion category defined in BS EN ISO 9223. The bolt design must be compatible with anchor channels manufactured in accordance with BS EN 1090-1 and BS EN 10088. Strength calculations should be performed according to BS EN 1993-1-8 (Eurocode 3: Design of joints).

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is non-combustible with a reaction-to-fire classification of A1 according to BS EN 13501-1. T-bolts and their components do not contribute to flame spread or smoke production. For buildings over 18 m in height, use is permitted only as part of a façade system tested to BS 8414 and assessed to BR 135.

Design Life: The expected service life of stainless steel T-bolts is at least 60 years, provided that the appropriate steel grade is selected in line with BS EN ISO 9223 corrosion categories and installation follows recommendations in BS EN 1993 (Eurocode 3).

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

BS EN ISO 3506-1 / -2 (mechanical and corrosion properties of stainless steel fasteners);
BS EN ISO 6892-1 (tensile strength and yield testing);
BS EN ISO 9227 (salt spray corrosion testing);
BS EN 1090-1 (assessment of conformity of metallic components);
BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire — A1);
BS 8414 and BR 135 (façade system fire performance, if applicable)

F-01-01 Stainless steel screw

General Information: Stainless steel screws are utilised for securing structures and materials, offering high strength and corrosion resistance. They are suitable for both interior and exterior applications, including aggressive environments.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Stainless steel screws exhibit low thermal conductivity, reducing the risk of thermal bridging. In accordance with BS EN ISO 10144, their corrosion resistance is maintained at high and low temperatures, making them suitable for diverse climatic conditions.

Technical Considerations: Screws must comply with BS EN ISO 3506 for mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Strength classes (e.g., A2, A4) determine their suitability for different environments. Protective coatings are recommended for use in highly corrosive conditions.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is classified as a non-combustible material (Class A1 per BS EN 13501-1). The screws do not contribute to flame spread or emit toxic substances when exposed to heat.

Design Life: The expected service life is at least 30 years under standard conditions, as per BS EN ISO 9224, owing to their high corrosion resistance.

Testing Regime: Quality control includes:

Tensile testing (BS EN ISO 6892-1)
Hardness testing
Corrosion resistance testing (BS EN ISO 9227 – salt spray test)

F-02-01 Aluminium rivet

General Information: An aluminium rivet is a non-removable mechanical fastener used for securing components of ventilated façade systems such as cladding panels, subframe elements, and rails. Rivets are commonly applied where rear access is limited or not possible, offering a lightweight, durable and vibration-resistant joint.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Due to their high thermal conductivity, aluminium rivets may act as point thermal bridges. In energy-efficient façade systems, their thermal impact should be considered using BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridge modelling). To mitigate thermal losses, rivets should be used sparingly in insulated zones or in conjunction with thermal breaks and isolators.

Technical Considerations: Rivets must demonstrate adequate shear and pull-out resistance to withstand mechanical loads imposed on the façade system. Aluminium alloys used must conform to BS EN 485 (mechanical properties) and BS EN 573 (chemical composition). Installation requires the use of rivet guns to ensure uniform deformation and tight jointing. Electrochemical compatibility with other materials, such as stainless steel, must be addressed to prevent galvanic corrosion.

Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium is classified as a non-combustible material (Class A1 under BS EN 13501-1). However, aluminium loses mechanical strength significantly at temperatures above 300 °C. Therefore, where rivets are used in fire-resistant assemblies, their structural performance under elevated temperatures must be assessed in line with BS EN 1364-1 and BS 8414 (façade system testing). Rivets should not compromise the integrity of fire barriers or firestopping systems.

Design Life: The anticipated service life of aluminium rivets is at least 30 years when correctly installed and maintained. Durability must be evaluated in accordance with BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9 – Design of Aluminium Structures) and manufacturer guidance. Corrosion protection is essential, particularly in coastal or polluted environments.

Testing Regime: Testing should include:

Mechanical strength in shear and tension in accordance with ISO 14589 or BS EN ISO 6892-1;
Corrosion resistance via salt spray testing per BS EN ISO 9227;
Thermal behaviour and fire performance when tested as part of a complete façade assembly to BS 8414 and assessed per BR 135;
Non-combustibility verified in accordance with BS EN 13501-1 (Class A1).

F-03-02 Stainless steel screw (panel to rail)

General Information: The Stainless Steel Screw (Panel to Rail) is used for fixing cladding panels to rails in ventilated façade systems. It ensures a strong and durable connection between the cladding and the substructure, providing stability against service and wind loads.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Due to the high thermal conductivity of stainless steel, screws may create localised thermal bridges. To reduce heat loss, thermal breaks or insulating pads are recommended at fixing points. Thermal performance and thermal bridge assessment are governed by BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.

Technical Considerations: The screws must provide high resistance to shear, pull-out, and fatigue loads. Fasteners must comply with BS EN ISO 3506 (Corrosion-resistant stainless steel fasteners) and BS EN 14592 (Mechanical fasteners for timber constructions — applicable in hybrid systems). Stainless steel grades A2 or A4 should be selected depending on the exposure conditions. Connections must be designed in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-8 (Eurocode 3: Design of joints).

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1 and is non-combustible. Within façade systems, screws maintain loadbearing capacity up to temperature limits defined in BS EN 1993-1-2 (Structural fire design). The overall fire performance of the façade system must be verified according to BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414.

Design Life: The expected service life of the Stainless Steel Screw (Panel to Rail) is at least 30 years, provided that corrosion-resistant stainless steel grades (e.g. A4 for external façades in aggressive environments) are used and connections are properly designed.

Testing Regime: Screws must undergo testing for mechanical strength (BS EN ISO 3506), joint durability, and corrosion resistance (BS EN ISO 9227). Ventilated façade systems, including fixings, must be tested as complete assemblies in accordance with BS EN 13830 and BS 8414.

F-05-01 Frame anchor (fire)

General Information: The fire-resistant frame anchor is designed for the secure fixing of metal or façade frames into building structures while meeting fire safety requirements. It ensures stability and preserves the integrity of cladding and structural elements when exposed to high temperatures.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Anchors must withstand elevated thermal loads without loss of strength, in compliance with the fire resistance standards BS EN 1363 and BS EN 1364. These standards ensure the anchor’s performance under fire conditions, preserving its mechanical function during thermal exposure.

Technical Considerations: Specifications are defined by BS EN 845-1 and BS EN 1993 (Eurocode 3), covering aspects such as load-bearing capacity, corrosion resistance, and resistance to mechanical stresses. The anchor must demonstrate reliable performance under both static and dynamic loads.

Fire Safety Considerations: Anchors must achieve a fire resistance classification of EI30, EI60, or higher according to BS EN 13501-2, ensuring that the fixing system maintains its load-bearing and integrity functions for the specified fire exposure period.

Design Life: The expected service life of the anchor is at least 30 years, as per BS EN 845-1, assuming correct installation and routine maintenance in accordance with the manufacturer’s guidelines.

Testing Regime: Testing includes fire resistance evaluation, shear strength testing, and corrosion resistance under simulated environmental conditions to ensure compliance with safety and durability requirements.

F-07-01 Stainless steel undercut anchor for fibre cement

General Information: Stainless steel undercut anchors are designed for secure fastening of fibre cement boards and other brittle materials to concrete and masonry substrates. They provide high load-bearing capacity and resistance to dynamic loads, ensuring durable and reliable fixing in façade applications.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Stainless steel exhibits relatively low thermal conductivity compared to other metals, reducing the risk of thermal bridging. Anchors maintain mechanical strength across a wide temperature range, typically from -50°C to +300°C according to BS EN 1993-1-2. However, mechanical properties may degrade under prolonged exposure to extreme temperatures.

Technical Considerations: Anchors must comply with BS EN 1992-4 (design of fastening for concrete) and BS EN ISO 3506 (mechanical properties of stainless steels). Critical parameters include minimum substrate thickness, embedment depth, and pull-out resistance. Careful torque control during installation is essential to prevent cracking of fibre cement panels.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is classified as non-combustible (Class A1 under BS EN 13501-1). Nonetheless, prolonged exposure to temperatures above 500°C can reduce the anchor’s strength. Fire-resistant designs require structural verification following BS EN 1993-1-2.

Design Life: Expected service life exceeds 50 years under normal environmental conditions as per BS EN ISO 9224. In aggressive environments such as coastal or chemical exposure zones, stainless steel grade A4 (316) anchors are recommended for enhanced corrosion resistance.

Testing Regime: Testing protocols include:

Static and dynamic load performance according to BS EN 1992-4
Corrosion resistance evaluated via neutral salt spray testing per BS EN ISO 9227
Fire resistance assessment following BS EN 1363-1
Pull-out resistance verified in accordance with ETAG 001 / EOTA guidelines

F-07-03 System fixings

General Information: System fixings are assemblies of fasteners used for mechanically connecting and securing cladding panels made of natural stone or glass fibre reinforced cement (GRC) to the supporting substructure of a façade system. They ensure the transfer of vertical and horizontal loads, panel stability, and safe façade performance under wind and temperature effects.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Fixings that penetrate the insulation layer may create point thermal bridges. To minimise heat loss, it is recommended to use thermal break sleeves, insulating washers, or fasteners with low thermal conductivity. Thermal analysis of junctions should be carried out in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946 to ensure compliance with Building Regulations Part L.

Technical Considerations: Fasteners (anchors, bolts, nuts, studs, and sleeves) must be made of stainless steel according to BS EN ISO 3506-1 / -2 (AISI 304 or 316). Fixing systems should be designed and tested in accordance with BS EN 1090-1 (assessment of conformity of metallic constructions) and BS EN 1993-1-8 (Eurocode 3: design of joints). For GRC panels, requirements of BS EN 15191 (Precast concrete products — Glass fibre reinforced cement) must be considered, and for natural stone panels, BS EN 1469 (Natural stone products for cladding). All fixings must provide sufficient load-bearing capacity and corrosion resistance appropriate to the environmental category defined in BS EN ISO 9223.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel used in the fixings is non-combustible and classified as A1 according to BS EN 13501-1. Fixings do not contribute to flame spread or smoke production. For façade systems on buildings over 18 m in height, these fixings may only be used as part of a façade system tested in accordance with BS 8414 and assessed to BR 135.

Design Life: The expected service life of system fixings is at least 60 years, provided that the appropriate grade of stainless steel is selected for the environmental corrosion category, and installation is performed according to BS EN 1993 (Eurocode 3) and BS EN ISO 9223.

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

BS EN ISO 3506-1 / -2 (mechanical and corrosion properties of stainless steel fasteners);
BS EN 1090-1 (assessment of conformity of metallic components);
BS EN 15191 (requirements for GRC panels and their fixings);
BS EN 1469 (testing of natural stone cladding systems);
BS EN ISO 9227 (salt spray corrosion testing);
BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire — A1);
BS 8414 and BR 135 (façade system fire performance, if applicable).

F-08-01 Stainless steel screw for concrete

General information: The Stainless Steel Screw for Concrete is used for the direct fixing of structural elements and façade systems to concrete substrates. It provides a reliable and durable connection without the use of anchors or plugs.

Energy / Thermal considerations: The element must accommodate the thermal expansion of stainless steel and its interaction with concrete to avoid stress and damage to the structure. In façade systems, thermal bridges should be minimised in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN 13947.

Technical considerations: The screw must have high mechanical strength, comply with BS EN ISO 3506 (Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant stainless steel fasteners), and provide secure engagement with concrete. The design must resist static and dynamic loads, in accordance with BS EN 1992-4 (Design of fastenings for use in concrete). The material must be corrosion-resistant for outdoor exposure and moisture conditions.

Fire safety considerations: Stainless steel is non-combustible and classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1, eliminating the risk of fire spread and smoke emission.

Design life: The expected service life of the Stainless Steel Screw for Concrete is 30 years, in accordance with BS EN 1992-4 and BS EN ISO 3506, provided the correct steel grade, installation, and maintenance are applied.

Testing regime: Screws must undergo tests for mechanical strength, fatigue resistance, and corrosion resistance, including climatic testing per BS EN ISO 9227 and pull-out tests according to BS EN 1992-4.

G-01-01 Lightweight Steel Frame System

General Information: The LSFS – Lightweight Steel Frame System is used for load-bearing and enclosing structures in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. It provides high strength-to-weight ratio, rapid installation, and design flexibility.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The system shall minimise thermal bridges in compliance with BS EN ISO 10211. Additional thermal insulation materials shall be applied to meet energy efficiency standards (BS EN ISO 6946).

Technical Considerations: The structure shall conform to strength and stability requirements as per BS EN 1993-1-3 (Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures). Geometric and installation tolerances shall comply with BS EN 1090-2 (Execution Standards for Steel Structures).

Fire Safety Considerations: Depending on application, the system shall provide fire resistance in accordance with BS EN 13501-2. Cladding with non-combustible materials (Class A1/A2-s1,d0 per BS EN 13501-1) or application of fire-protective coatings may be utilised.

Design Life: The design service life shall be no less than 50 years, subject to compliance with corrosion protection (BS EN ISO 12944) and maintenance requirements (BS EN 1990).

Testing Regime:

Testing shall include load-bearing capacity verification (BS EN 1993-1-3), corrosion resistance (BS EN ISO 9227), and fire resistance (BS EN 1363-1).

G-02-01 Weather seal membrane

General Information: The weather seal membrane is a waterproof and airtight layer used in façade and window systems to protect joints and interfaces from moisture, air, and dust ingress. It is typically applied between structural components of the building envelope (e.g. between the window frame and the wall) to provide long-lasting airtight and watertight sealing.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The membrane contributes to the required levels of air and vapour tightness in façade systems, enhancing the building's overall energy performance by reducing infiltration-related heat loss. It must comply with BS EN 12114 (air permeability of building joints) and BS EN 13984 (vapour control layers), ensuring compatibility with the insulation system and maintaining overall airtightness. Effective vapour control and sealing are essential to meeting the thermal performance criteria outlined in BS EN ISO 6946.

Technical Considerations: The membrane must exhibit high elasticity, durability, water resistance, and the ability to maintain its mechanical integrity under joint movement and deformation. In accordance with BS EN 13984 and BS EN 13859-2 (waterproofing membranes for walls and roofs), the membrane must be resistant to UV radiation, weathering, and temperature fluctuations. Compatibility with commonly used adhesives and sealants in façade assemblies is also essential.

Fire Safety Considerations: Weather seal membranes are typically classified as Class E under BS EN 13501-1. Their use is generally permitted in buildings under 18 metres in height, in line with current façade fire safety guidance and regulations. For buildings exceeding this height, membranes with a higher fire resistance classification are required.

Design Life: The expected service life of the membrane is approximately 25–30 years, provided it is correctly installed and protected from mechanical damage and prolonged UV exposure. Long-term durability and performance are supported by accelerated ageing and climate resistance testing as per BS EN 1296 and BS EN 13859-2.

Testing Regime: The membrane should be tested in accordance with the following standards:

BS EN 13859-2 – mechanical strength and water resistance;
BS EN 1928 – watertightness testing;
BS EN 12114 – air permeability performance;
BS EN 1296 – artificial ageing;
BS EN 13501-1 – fire classification (typically Class E).

G-02-02 Breather membrane

General information: The breather membrane is used as a water- and wind-resistant layer in building envelope constructions, particularly behind cladding façade systems and roofs. The membrane prevents moisture ingress from outside while allowing water vapour to escape from within the structure, preventing condensation and enhancing the durability of insulation.

Energy / Thermal considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13859-2 (walls) and BS EN 13859-1 (roofs), the membrane must have high vapour permeability and low thermal conductivity, helping to maintain the effectiveness of the insulation layer. Its use minimises heat loss by protecting insulation from moisture and draughts, in accordance with BS EN ISO 13788 for moisture control and condensation management.

Technical considerations: According to BS EN 13859, the membrane must be UV-resistant for the declared installation period, retain mechanical strength under tension and puncture, and withstand weathering. The membrane construction must resist wind loads and remain stable under temperature fluctuations. Installation should follow manufacturer guidelines for joint sealing and lap overlaps.

Fire safety considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13501-1, the membrane should have a verified reaction-to-fire classification, e.g., B-s1,d0 or higher, limiting flame spread and smoke production. When designing façades, the membrane is selected to meet the fire performance requirements of the system, taking into account BS EN 13501-2 for construction elements.

Design life: Expected design life: 30 years according to BS EN 13859, provided proper installation, protection from direct UV exposure after cladding installation, and adherence to operational requirements.

Testing regime: In accordance with BS EN 13859, the membrane is tested for water resistance, vapour permeability (Sd-value), tensile and tear strength, resistance to temperature variations, and ageing. Additionally, it is classified for fire performance according to BS EN 13501-1

G-02-03 Vapour control layer (VCL)

General information: The vapour control layer (VCL) is used in building envelope constructions to restrict the diffusion of water vapour from interior spaces into insulation. It is applied in façade and roof systems, preventing condensation within the construction and ensuring the durability of thermal insulation and structural elements.

Energy / Thermal considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 13788 and BS EN 13984, the VCL must have low vapour permeability (high Sd-value), preventing moisture from reaching the insulation. Controlling the moisture regime helps maintain the design thermal performance of the insulation and prevents a reduction in the efficiency of the thermal layer.

Technical considerations: According to BS EN 13984, the VCL must provide mechanical strength, resistance to puncture and tear, and ensure airtightness at joints and connections. Installation requires proper sealing of overlaps and the use of specialised tapes to maintain a continuous vapour barrier. The material must remain stable across the operating temperature range and be compatible with other building materials.

Fire safety considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13501-1, the VCL must have a verified reaction-to-fire classification (e.g., B-s1,d0 or higher), limiting flame spread and smoke generation. In façade and roof systems, the layer is selected to meet the fire performance requirements of the entire assembly in accordance with BS EN 13501-2.

Design life: Expected design life: 30 years according to BS EN 13984, provided correct installation and protection from mechanical damage during construction and operation.

Testing regime: In accordance with BS EN 13984, the VCL is tested for water vapour permeability (Sd-value), tensile and tear strength, and resistance to ageing and temperature effects. Additionally, the material is classified for reaction to fire according to BS EN 13501-1

G-02-04 Non-combustible cavity tray

General information: The non-combustible cavity tray is used to provide moisture drainage and to prevent water penetration into internal structures at junctions and interfaces (e.g. above window and door openings, lintels, balcony slabs). Unlike traditional polymer-based solutions, this product is manufactured from non-combustible materials and complies with British Standards for fire safety and durability.

Energy / Thermal considerations: In accordance with BS EN 1996 (Design of masonry structures) and BS EN ISO 6946 (Thermal performance of building components), the cavity tray must minimise heat loss at the installation zone and prevent the formation of thermal bridges. The material should retain its physical and mechanical properties across a range of temperatures, ensuring continuity of the thermal protection of the building envelope.

Technical considerations: According to BS EN 845-2 (Specification for ancillary components for masonry – Lintels and cavity trays), the product must provide adequate strength, resistance to moisture, corrosion and deformation. The metallic or mineral materials used for manufacturing the non-combustible cavity tray must be compatible with adjoining structures and ensure the integrity and reliability of junctions throughout the service life.

Fire safety considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13501-1, the non-combustible cavity tray is classified as A1 or A2-s1,d0 (non-combustible materials). Its application is critical for compliance with Approved Document B and BS EN 1363 (Fire resistance tests), preventing the spread of fire through cavities and voids within external walls.

Design life: According to BS EN 1996 and BS EN 845-2, the expected service life of the non-combustible cavity tray is at least 30 years, provided correct design and installation are ensured. This aligns with regulatory requirements for the durability of building elements within façade systems.

Testing regime: Testing of the non-combustible cavity tray is carried out in accordance with BS EN 1366 (Fire resistance tests for service installations), BS EN 845-2 (mechanical strength and moisture resistance), and BS EN ISO 9227 (corrosion testing). These assessments confirm its non-combustibility, durability and compliance with performance requirements.

G-02-05 Waterproofing membrane

General Information: The waterproofing membrane is designed to protect building structures from water ingress, preventing moisture damage and ensuring building durability. It is used in roofing systems, underground structures, balconies, and terraces.

Energy/Thermal Considerations: The membrane may affect the thermal performance of the structure. In some applications, it is used in combination with thermal insulation materials, complying with BS EN 13967 requirements for flexibility and resistance to thermal deformation.

Technical Considerations: The membrane shall possess high tensile strength, puncture resistance, and UV stability (for external applications). It must conform to BS EN 13707 (for roofing membranes) and BS EN 13970 (for waterproofing under screeds).

Fire Safety Considerations: Depending on application, the membrane shall meet relevant fire safety classifications, such as BROOF(t4) per BS EN 13501-5 (for roofing materials). Internal membranes may require a minimum fire reaction class of B-s1,d0 (BS EN 13501-1).

Design Life: The expected service life ranges from 20 to 50 years depending on membrane type and operating conditions, in accordance with BS EN 13967 guidelines.

Testing Regime:

Testing includes water tightness verification (BS EN 1928), resistance to static and dynamic water exposure (BS EN 13583), and mechanical strength assessment (BS EN 12311).

G-03-01 Non-combustible sheathing board (for LSFS)

General Information: The non-combustible cladding panel (for LSFS) serves as a protective and structural layer in Lightweight steel frame systems (LSFS), providing fire resistance, mechanical stability, and additional thermal insulation.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The panel shall comply with thermal conductivity and energy efficiency requirements per BS EN ISO 6946. It may be used in conjunction with insulation materials to enhance the thermal performance of building envelopes.

Technical Considerations: The material shall possess high compressive strength and deformation resistance, conforming to BS EN 13950 (gypsum-based boards) or BS EN 15283 (cement/fibre-based boards). Permissible geometric and flatness tolerances shall be regulated by BS EN 520.

Fire Safety Considerations: The panel shall be classified as non-combustible (A1 or A2-s1,d0 per BS EN 13501-1) and provide fire resistance in accordance with BS EN 1364-1 (fire resistance testing for non-load-bearing elements).

Design Life: The expected service life shall be no less than 30 years, subject to proper installation and maintenance conditions.

Testing Regime: Testing shall include:

Fire resistance (BS EN 1364-1)
Mechanical strength (BS EN 520)
Moisture and frost resistance (where applicable) as per relevant standards.

G-04-01 Mineral wool insulation (for external application) (k ≤ 0.035 W/mK)

General Information: Mineral wool insulation (for wall) is used in external and internal building envelopes to provide thermal, acoustic and fire insulation. Installed in multi-layer walls, façade systems or framed partitions as a non-combustible insulation material.

Energy/Thermal Considerations: Mineral wool features low thermal conductivity (λ ≈ 0.032-0.040 W/m·K), complying with BS EN 13162 - the standard for thermal insulation products for buildings. It effectively reduces heat loss and helps building envelopes meet energy efficiency requirements (e.g. BS EN ISO 6946). Insulation thickness is selected based on required U-value.

Technical Considerations: According to BS EN 13162, mineral wool must maintain dimensional stability, moisture resistance, compressive strength (when used in rainscreen systems), and long-term durability. The material must retain its insulating properties under humid conditions. For walls, compliance with strength classes and dimensional stability under temperature fluctuations is essential. Capillary activity and water vapour diffusion resistance (µ-factor) are also considered.

Fire Safety Considerations: Mineral wool is a non-combustible material typically classified as A1 per BS EN 13501-1 - it doesn't support combustion, emit toxic gases or produce flaming droplets. Used as a component in fire protection systems for façades, partitions and fire compartments. When used in external insulation systems (e.g. ventilated façades), it ensures structural fire safety.

Design Life: The expected service life of mineral wool is minimum 30 years per BS EN 13162, provided proper installation, moisture protection and avoidance of mechanical damage.

Testing Regime: Testing is conducted according to BS EN 13162 and BS EN 1602-1609, including determination of thermal conductivity, water absorption, compressive strength, ageing resistance and dimensional stability. Fire performance is verified per BS EN 13501-1.

G-04-02 Mineral wool insulation (to void between LSFS studs) (k ≤ 0.038 W/mK)

General Information: Mineral wool insulation (for LSF) is a mineral fibre insulation material used in light steel framing (LSF) constructions. It provides thermal and acoustic insulation for external and internal walls, floors, partitions, and roofing systems. Installed between steel studs, it ensures the required thermal and acoustic performance of building envelopes.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Mineral wool has low thermal conductivity (λ ≈ 0.032–0.040 W/m·K), complying with BS EN ISO 10456 and BS EN 13162 (thermal insulation products - mineral wool products). In LSF systems, its use improves thermal resistance (R-value) and reduces heat loss through walls and roofs. The insulation must retain its thermal performance over its service life, including resistance to slumping and sagging. Thermal efficiency calculations follow BS EN ISO 6946 (thermal performance of building components) and BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridges).

Technical Considerations: Mineral wool for framed systems must exhibit sufficient rigidity, dimensional stability, water repellence, and vapour permeability. Per BS EN 13162, it must be classified by:

Density
Compressive/tensile strength
Fibre length
Other mechanical properties Additionally, resistance to vibration and vertical structural loads must be considered.

Fire Safety Considerations: Mineral wool is classified as a non-combustible material (A1 per BS EN 13501-1), meaning it does not contribute to fire, smoke, or flaming droplets. This makes it highly effective in LSF walls, where fire resistance (BS EN 1364-1 – non-load-bearing walls) is required. When combined with appropriate cladding, it can achieve EI 30–120 fire resistance ratings.

Design Life: The expected service life is minimum 50 years (BS EN 13162), provided the insulation is:

Protected from moisture ingress
Not mechanically damaged
Properly installed to prevent settling in vertical applications

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

BS EN 13162 (product characteristics)
BS EN 1604 (dimensional stability & shrinkage resistance)
BS EN 1607 (tensile strength)
BS EN 12667 (thermal conductivity)
BS EN ISO 1182 & BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire)
Full LSF system fire testing (BS EN 1364-1) may also be required.

G-04-03 Mineral wool insulation (for slab edge) (ρ ≥ 100 kg/m3)

General Information: Mineral wool insulation (rigid, high-density, ρ ≥ 100 kg/m³) is installed at the slab edge to provide thermal and acoustic insulation, and as part of a fire barrier between floors in façade systems. The material reduces heat loss through slab edges, prevents condensation, and limits fire spread within inter-floor cavities.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Mineral wool with a density of ≥100 kg/m³ has low thermal conductivity (λ ≤ 0.037 W/m·K) and provides effective thermal separation between the internal and external spaces of a building. The material must comply with BS EN 13162 (Thermal insulation products for buildings – Factory made mineral wool products). Installing it at slab edges helps eliminate thermal bridging and ensures compliance with Building Regulations Part L for energy efficiency.

Technical Considerations: The insulation should be non-hygroscopic, resistant to shrinkage and mechanical loads, and maintain its shape over time. A density of at least 100 kg/m³ ensures stability and compatibility with mechanical fixings. The material must comply with BS EN 13162 (thermal and mechanical properties of mineral wool) and BS EN ISO 9229 (determination of thermal conductivity). Installation should follow BS 5422 (Thermal insulation of pipework and equipment) and BS 5250 (Management of moisture in buildings), ensuring a tight fit without gaps.

Fire Safety Considerations: Mineral wool is non-combustible with a reaction-to-fire classification of A1 according to BS EN 13501-1. At the slab edge, it forms part of a fire-resisting barrier, preventing flame and smoke propagation between floors. Its use in façade systems over 18 m in height is acceptable when the complete assembly has been fire-tested in accordance with BS 8414 and assessed to BR 135.

Design Life: The expected service life of the insulation is at least 30 years in accordance with BS EN 13162 and BS EN 1990 (Basis of structural design), provided it is correctly installed and protected from moisture.

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

BS EN 13162 (thermal and mechanical properties of mineral wool);
BS EN 12667 (measurement of thermal conductivity);
BS EN 822 / 823 / 824 (geometrical characteristics and dimensional stability);
BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire — classification A1);
BS 8414 and BR 135 (façade system fire performance, if applicable)

G-06-01 Rigid insulation (for GF)

General information: Rigid insulation (for Ground Floor) is used in ground and above-ground constructions to provide thermal protection, reduce heat loss, and improve building energy efficiency. Rigid boards are manufactured from PIR, PUR, XPS, or other thermal insulation materials and are installed beneath concrete floor slabs, above slabs, or as part of a full insulation system.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN 13165/13164 (depending on material type), rigid insulation must provide a low thermal conductivity (λ-value) in line with calculated thermal resistance requirements. The insulation should maintain dimensional stability, compressive strength, and low water absorption, which is critical for use in contact with the ground.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13165 (PIR/PUR) or BS EN 13164 (XPS), the boards must provide sufficient compressive strength, resistance to freeze–thaw cycles, and moisture durability. The insulation should withstand long-term loads from the floor construction while retaining geometric stability throughout its service life. Installation must follow requirements for joint overlap and airtightness.

Fire safety considerations: Per BS EN 13501-1, rigid insulation must have a certified reaction-to-fire class depending on the material. PIR boards may be classified as C-s2,d0 or higher, while XPS typically falls into class E, which must be considered in design. In areas with higher fire-resistance requirements, insulation with enhanced properties or additional protection is used in accordance with BS EN 13501-2.

Design life: Expected design life: 30–50 years according to BS EN 13165/13164, provided proper design, protection from prolonged moisture exposure, and avoidance of mechanical damage.

Testing regime: According to BS EN 13165/13164, insulation boards are tested for thermal conductivity (λ-value), compressive strength, water absorption, durability under freeze–thaw cycles, dimensional stability, and reaction to fire (BS EN 13501-1).

H-02-01 Double glazed unit (DGU-1)

General Information: A double glazed unit (DGU) is used in window, door, and façade systems to provide thermal and acoustic insulation. It consists of two glass panes separated by a spacer frame with a hermetically sealed cavity, which may be filled with air or an inert gas (e.g., argon). DGUs are employed in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings to enhance energy efficiency and comfort.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: According to BS EN 1279 (standards for insulating glass units), a double glazed unit must achieve a low thermal transmittance (U-value), particularly when using low-emissivity coatings (Low-E) and gas filling. This ensures compliance with building energy efficiency requirements, as specified in BS EN ISO 10077-1 and BS EN ISO 10456. The use of inert gases and warm-edge spacer bars further reduces heat loss and the risk of condensation.

Technical Considerations: Technical requirements for double glazed units are defined by BS EN 1279 (Parts 1–6), covering durability, airtightness, moisture absorption, optical properties, and thickness tolerances. Additional parameters include sound insulation, wind load resistance, and impact resistance (where required). Compatibility with window or façade systems must be ensured in accordance with BS EN 14351-1 (windows and external pedestrian doors).

Fire Safety Considerations: Standard double glazed units made from tempered or float glass are not fire-resistant, though they may be used in non-fire-rated barriers. Their behaviour in fire depends on the glass type: standard glass is not classified under BS EN 13501-1, but tempered or laminated glass may meet certain safe breakage requirements. If the glazed unit is part of a fire-rated system, specialist fire-resistant glass certified to BS EN 14449 and BS EN 13501-2 must be used.

Design Life The expected service life of a double glazed unit is at least 25–30 years, assuming proper installation and sealing quality, as per BS EN 1279-2 and -3.

Testing Regime: Testing includes assessments for:

Airtightness (BS EN 1279-2)
Moisture absorption (BS EN 1279-3)
Thermal transmittance (BS EN 674)
Light transmittance (BS EN 410)
Sound insulation (BS EN ISO 10140)
Resistance to climatic cycling and ageing
Full-scale testing of glazed units within window systems is conducted under BS EN 14351-1.

H-04-01 Aluminium spandrel panel (ASP-1)

General information: Aluminium spandrel panels are used to cover floor slabs in façade systems, as well as for decorative purposes and to provide enclosure. The panels are installed in the zones between window openings and are non-transparent elements, ensuring architectural expression and protecting internal structures from weather exposure.

Energy / Thermal considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 (Thermal performance of building components) and BS EN ISO 10077 (Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters), aluminium spandrel panels must incorporate an insulating layer or suitable backing to eliminate thermal bridging and achieve the required thermal resistance. The panel design must maintain the energy efficiency of the building envelope and prevent condensation.

Technical considerations: According to BS EN 485 and BS EN 573 (Aluminium and aluminium alloys), panels must be manufactured from alloys with adequate strength, corrosion resistance and dimensional stability. Mechanical reliability, weathertightness and durability requirements for façade assemblies are defined in BS EN 13830 (Curtain walling – Product standard). The panel must be compatible with the supporting façade system and capable of withstanding wind loads and service loads.

Fire safety considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13501-1, aluminium is classified as a non-combustible material (Class A1). However, the construction of spandrel panels includes insulation and facing layers, which must comply with the requirements of Approved Document B. To ensure fire safety, non-combustible insulation materials (e.g. mineral wool classified as A1 or A2-s1,d0) and non-combustible facing materials must be used within the panel assembly, in line with BS EN 1364 (Fire resistance tests for non-loadbearing elements).

Design life: In accordance with BS EN 13830 and BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures), the expected service life of aluminium spandrel panels is at least 30 years, provided correct design, installation and corrosion protection are ensured.

Testing regime: Testing of aluminium spandrel panels is carried out in accordance with BS EN 13830 (mechanical performance, air permeability, watertightness), BS EN 13501-1 (fire performance classification), and BS EN ISO 10077 (thermal performance). Additional corrosion resistance tests may be carried out in accordance with BS EN ISO 9227 (salt spray test)

I-01-01 Aluminium panel

General Information: Aluminium panels are thin-gauge cladding elements used in ventilated façade systems for both decorative and protective purposes. Installed using either visible or concealed fixings, they form part of the building envelope, shielding the structure from environmental exposure while contributing to modern architectural aesthetics.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Due to their high thermal conductivity, aluminium panels do not serve as insulation. However, as external components of a ventilated façade system, they are critical in protecting underlying thermal insulation from wind and moisture ingress. Thermal performance calculations must be carried out in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211, with particular attention paid to thermal bridging around fixings. Adequate rear ventilation behind the panel is essential to allow moisture drainage and pressure equalisation.

Technical Considerations: Aluminium panels must be resistant to deformation, vibration, corrosion, and thermal cycling. Base materials should comply with BS EN 485 (rolled aluminium products), BS EN 573-3 and BS EN 515 (alloy and mechanical property specifications). Panel thickness and type (e.g. solid aluminium or aluminium composite) are selected based on wind load analysis per BS EN 1991-1-4 and material rigidity. Aesthetic and functional considerations include UV resistance, colour stability, and abrasion resistance of coatings.

Fire Safety Considerations: Fire performance depends on the panel type. Solid aluminium panels are typically non-combustible and may be classified as Class A1 per BS EN 13501-1. Aluminium composite panels (ACP) must have non-combustible cores (e.g. mineral-filled) to be used on buildings over 18 metres in height, achieving at least Class A2-s1,d0. The use of combustible cores (e.g. polyethylene) in high-rise or critical buildings is prohibited. All cladding products should be installed as part of façade systems tested to BS 8414 and assessed in accordance with BR 135.

Design Life: Aluminium panels have an expected service life of 30 years or more, subject to the quality of the coating and environmental conditions. Coating performance in terms of UV durability, pollution resistance and corrosion protection must meet BS EN 12206 (coated aluminium products). In coastal or industrial environments, additional protective measures or corrosion-resistant aluminium grades are recommended.

Testing Regime: Applicable testing standards include:

BS EN 13501-1 – Fire classification (A1 or A2-s1,d0)
BS EN 485 / BS EN ISO 6892-1 – Mechanical properties of aluminium sheet
BS EN 12206 – Coating quality and weathering resistance
BS EN ISO 9227 – Salt spray (neutral) testing for corrosion resistance
BS 8414 and BR 135 – Full-scale fire performance as part of cladding system

I-02-02 Brick

General Information: Clinker tiles (brick slip cladding) are utilised in ventilated façade systems to replicate the appearance of traditional brickwork, providing decorative enhancement and additional protection to the building envelope while maintaining a reduced structural load.

Energy/Thermal Considerations: From a thermal performance perspective, these components contribute to heat retention and vapour permeability in accordance with BS EN ISO 10456 and BS EN 1745, without compromising the overall performance of the building envelope.

Technical Considerations: The technical requirements for brick slip cladding are governed by BS EN 14411 (ceramic tiles) and BS EN 998-1 (adhesive mortars), covering parameters such as flexural strength, adhesion, frost resistance, and water absorption.

Fire Safety Considerations: In terms of fire safety, clinker tiles are classified as non-combustible materials with an A1 rating under BS EN 13501-1, ensuring a high degree of fire resistance and minimal smoke emission.

Design Life: The expected service life of the system is no less than 30 years, provided that installation and maintenance are carried out in accordance with relevant standards. Testing includes assessment of mechanical strength, adhesion, resistance to climatic influences, and long-term durability of the cladding.

I-03-01 Stone panel

General Information: Stone panels are used in ventilated façade systems and interior applications for cladding buildings with natural or engineered stone. They provide durability, aesthetic appeal, and protection of the structure from external influences.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Stone has high thermal conductivity and does not provide insulation. When used in façade systems, it must be combined with thermal insulation materials to minimise heat loss and prevent thermal bridging. Requirements are governed by BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.

Technical Considerations: Panels must have sufficient strength and rigidity to withstand their own weight, wind loads, and operational stresses. Fixings and installation should comply with BS EN 1991-1-4 (Wind actions) and BS EN 1993-1-1 / BS EN 1992-1-1 (Eurocode 3 / 2: Design of steel / concrete structures) for load transfer to the supporting structure. The stone must be resistant to weathering, chemically inert, and durable.

Fire Safety Considerations: Both natural and engineered stone are classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1, making them non-combustible and not contributing to fire spread. The overall fire performance of the façade system should be verified according to BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414.

Design Life: The expected service life of stone panels is 50–100 years, depending on the type of stone and conditions of use, in accordance with BS EN 12057 (Natural stone products – Slabs for cladding) and BS EN 1469 (Natural stone products – Tiles for internal and external floors and walls).

Testing Regime: Panels should be tested for strength, frost resistance, and water absorption (BS EN 12371, BS EN 1469), as well as for durability against weathering. Fire performance testing of the façade system should be conducted in accordance with BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414.

I-05-01 Brick

General information: Brick is used as a building material for the construction of external and internal walls, partitions and façade cladding. It provides strength, stability and architectural expression, and is one of the most traditional and durable construction materials, complying with the requirements of British Standards.

Energy / Thermal considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 (Thermal performance of building components) and BS EN 1745 (Masonry and masonry products – Methods for determining thermal properties), brick has relatively high thermal conductivity compared with insulation materials, but it provides good thermal mass. This property allows it to store heat and stabilise the internal climate of buildings. When designing, factors such as wall thickness, brick type and combination with insulation are taken into account to achieve regulatory energy performance.

Technical considerations: According to BS EN 771-1 (Specification for masonry units – Clay masonry units), brick must meet requirements for compressive strength, frost resistance, water absorption and dimensional accuracy. Brickwork structures are designed in accordance with BS EN 1996 (Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures), which defines the calculation rules for loadbearing capacity, stability and durability of masonry.

Fire safety considerations: Brick is a non-combustible material and, in accordance with BS EN 13501-1, is classified as Class A1. It does not propagate fire and provides high fire resistance for wall structures. According to BS EN 1996-1-2 (Design of masonry structures – Structural fire design), brickwork can retain its loadbearing capacity for long durations during fire exposure, ensuring the fire safety of buildings.

Design life: In accordance with BS EN 1996 and BS EN 771-1, the service life of brickwork is more than 30 years and, with proper design and maintenance, can exceed 60–100 years, meeting durability requirements for building envelopes and loadbearing structures.

Testing regime: Testing of brick is carried out in accordance with BS EN 772 (Methods of test for masonry units), including determination of compressive strength, water absorption, density, dimensions and frost resistance. Fire performance classification is undertaken in accordance with BS EN 13501-1, and thermal properties are assessed in accordance with BS EN 1745

J-11-01 Aluminium sheet with perforation (t-2mm)

General Information: The 2 mm thick perforated aluminium sheet is used in construction for façade cladding, sun-shading screens, ventilation grilles, acoustic panels, and decorative elements, combining both functional and architectural purposes.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 10077 and BS EN ISO 6946, perforated aluminium panels can serve as sun-shading and ventilation elements, reducing the building’s thermal load by controlling solar radiation and providing natural ventilation. When integrated into façade systems, thermal bridging and compatibility with insulation layers must be considered.

Technical Considerations: Aluminium sheets must comply with BS EN 485 (aluminium and aluminium alloy sheet and strip), BS EN 515 (temper designation), and BS EN 573 (chemical composition of aluminium alloys). Perforations must be designed to meet strength and stiffness requirements in accordance with BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9 — design of aluminium structures). The assembly must withstand wind loads and service conditions.

Fire Safety Considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, aluminium is classified as A1 (non-combustible), ensuring no contribution to fire development. However, where coatings or paint systems are applied, their fire classification must be verified, with a minimum of A2-s1,d0.

Design Life: The expected service life of the perforated aluminium sheet is at least 30 years, provided the correct alloy is selected and corrosion protection is applied in accordance with BS EN 485 and BS EN 12206 (anodising and powder coating).

Testing Regime: Testing must be carried out in accordance with BS EN 485 (dimensional and mechanical properties), BS EN ISO 6892 (tensile testing of metals), and BS EN 12206 (coating quality). For façade applications, additional testing is carried out in accordance with BS EN 13830 (building envelope façade systems).

K-01-04 Aluminium angle (for cladding)

General information: The aluminium angle profile is employed in ventilated façade systems for the fixing, connection, and reinforcement of cladding panels, as well as for the formation of corner and joint details, ensuring precise alignment and structural stability.

Energy / Thermal considerations: From a thermal performance standpoint, the angle profile must be designed to minimise thermal bridging and comply with the requirements of BS EN ISO 10211, which governs the assessment of thermal bridges in building façades.

Technical considerations: Technical requirements are defined by BS EN 755 (for extruded aluminium profiles) and BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9), covering dimensional tolerances, mechanical strength, flexural resistance, and durability under external influences.

Fire safety considerations: In terms of fire safety, the aluminium angle profile must be classified as A1 in accordance with BS EN 13501-1, confirming its non-combustibility.

Design life: The expected service life is not less than 30 years, subject to correct installation and protection from aggressive environmental conditions, as specified in BS EN 1090 and BS EN 1999. Testing procedures may include verification of dimensional accuracy, mechanical strength, and corrosion resistance under operational conditions.

K-01-05 Aluminium insert profile

General Information: The Aluminium Insert Profile is used in façade and interior systems as a connecting or decorative element, as well as to provide rigidity and precise alignment of cladding panels. It is applied in ventilated façades, window systems, and partition structures.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Aluminium has high thermal conductivity and may contribute to the formation of thermal bridges. To reduce heat losses, the profile should be combined with thermal breaks or insulating inserts. Thermal performance and the consideration of thermal bridges must comply with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.

Technical Considerations: The profile must ensure dimensional stability, compatibility with other system components, and long-term durability. The material must comply with BS EN 755 (Aluminium and aluminium alloys – Extruded rod/bar, tube and profiles) and BS EN 573 (Chemical composition of aluminium alloys). Structural performance must be designed in accordance with BS EN 1999-1-1 (Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures). Surface protection is provided by anodising (BS EN 12373) or powder coating (BS EN 12206).

Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium is classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1 and is non-combustible. Within façade systems, it does not contribute to the spread of fire. Fire safety of the complete assembly must be verified through system testing in accordance with BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414.

Design Life: The expected service life of the Aluminium Insert Profile is at least 30 years, provided a suitable alloy and protective finishes are used, in accordance with BS EN 1999-1-1 and BS EN 755.

Testing Regime: The profile must undergo testing for mechanical strength, dimensional accuracy, and corrosion resistance in accordance with BS EN 755-2 and BS EN ISO 9227. Within façade systems, its durability and fire performance must be verified through system testing to BS EN 13501-1/2 and BS 8414

K-02-01 Stainless steel angle

General Information: A stainless steel angle is an L-shaped profile used in façade and building systems for fastening, supporting, and connecting various components, including brackets, rails, and cladding panels. It is employed in primary and secondary connections, providing rigidity, stability, and accurate positioning of structural elements.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Stainless steel angles can create thermal bridges where they intersect insulation. To reduce heat loss, it is recommended to use thermal break pads or insulating inserts and to perform thermal analysis of connections in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946, ensuring compliance with the energy efficiency requirements of Building Regulations Part L.

Technical Considerations: Angles must be fabricated from stainless steel in accordance with BS EN 10088 (grades AISI 304 or 316, depending on the corrosion exposure category per BS EN ISO 9223). The product must comply with BS EN 1090-1 (assessment of conformity of steel structures) and be designed in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-1 and BS EN 1993-1-8 (Eurocode 3: design of steel structures and connections). Profile dimensions and thickness are selected based on structural capacity and wind load calculations. Fasteners should comply with BS EN ISO 3506-1 / -2.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is non-combustible with a reaction-to-fire classification of A1 under BS EN 13501-1. The angles do not contribute to flame spread or smoke production. For buildings over 18 m, angles may be used provided the complete façade system has been fire-tested in accordance with BS 8414 and assessed to BR 135.

Design Life: The expected service life of stainless steel angles is at least 60 years, given correct selection of stainless steel grade and operating conditions, in accordance with BS EN ISO 9223 and BS EN 1993 (Eurocode 3).

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

BS EN 10088 (chemical composition and properties of stainless steel);
BS EN 1090-1 (assessment of conformity of steel structures);
BS EN ISO 6892-1 (tensile strength and yield limit testing);
BS EN ISO 9227 (corrosion resistance testing — salt spray);
BS EN ISO 3506-1 / -2 (mechanical properties of stainless steel fasteners);
BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire — classification A1);
BS 8414 and BR 135 (façade system fire performance, if applicable)

K-02-07 Stainless steel flat strip

General Information: A stainless steel flat strip is a flat stainless steel profile used in façade and building systems for fastening, reinforcement, connecting, and supporting various construction elements, including cladding panels, brackets, and rails. It serves as a structural or auxiliary component, providing strength, rigidity, and accurate assembly of façade details.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Stainless steel flat strips can create local thermal bridges where they intersect insulation. To reduce heat loss, it is recommended to use thermal break pads, insulating sleeves, or composite inserts, and to carry out thermal calculations in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946, ensuring compliance with the energy efficiency requirements of Building Regulations Part L.

Technical Considerations: The material must comply with BS EN 10088 (stainless steel grades AISI 304 or 316, depending on the corrosion exposure category per BS EN ISO 9223). Flat strips should be designed in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-1 and BS EN 1993-1-8 (Eurocode 3: design of steel structures and connections). Manufacture and certification of the metal elements must comply with BS EN 1090-1. Fasteners used for installation should comply with BS EN ISO 3506-1 / -2.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is non-combustible with a reaction-to-fire classification of A1 under BS EN 13501-1. Flat strips do not contribute to flame spread or smoke production. For buildings over 18 m, use is only permitted within certified façade systems that have been fire-tested according to BS 8414 and assessed to BR 135.

Design Life: The expected service life of stainless steel flat strips is at least 60 years, assuming correct stainless steel grade selection, consideration of environmental conditions, and compliance with BS EN ISO 9223 and BS EN 1993 (Eurocode 3).

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

BS EN 10088 (chemical composition and physical-mechanical properties of stainless steel);
BS EN 1090-1 (assessment of conformity of steel structures);
BS EN ISO 6892-1 (tensile strength and yield limit testing);
BS EN ISO 9227 (corrosion resistance testing — salt spray);
BS EN ISO 3506-1 / -2 (mechanical properties of stainless steel fasteners);
BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire — classification A1);
BS 8414 and BR 135 (façade system fire performance, if applicable)

K-03-02 Aluminium angle (for cladding)

Fire safety considerations: In terms of fire safety, the aluminium angle profile must be classified as A1 in accordance with BS EN 13501-1, confirming its non-combustibility.

K-03-03 Aluminium U-profile

General Information: An aluminium U-profile is a U-shaped aluminium section used in building and façade systems for fixing panels, cladding, rails, or seals. It ensures stable positioning of construction elements, distributes loads, and contributes to accurate assembly.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Aluminium profiles have high thermal conductivity and can create linear thermal bridges in building envelopes. To reduce heat loss, the use of thermal breaks or insulating inserts is recommended, along with thermal calculations in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946, ensuring compliance with the energy efficiency requirements of Building Regulations Part L.

Technical Considerations: The profile should be manufactured from aluminium alloys complying with BS EN 573 and BS EN 755, with anodising or powder coating according to BS EN 12206 to enhance corrosion resistance. The design must provide the required rigidity, strength, and dimensional accuracy. Installation connections and fixings should comply with BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9) and BS EN 1090-1 for metal constructions.

Fire Safety Considerations:
Aluminium is non-combustible and has a reaction-to-fire classification of A1 according to BS EN 13501-1. The profile does not contribute to flame spread or smoke generation. For buildings over 18 m, use is only permitted within a certified façade system.

Design Life: The expected service life of the aluminium U-profile is at least 30 years, provided the alloy, protective coating, and operational conditions comply with BS EN 1999 and BS EN ISO 9223.

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

BS EN 573 / BS EN 755 (aluminium alloy specifications);
BS EN 12206 (coating corrosion resistance);
BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9 — load-bearing capacity calculations for aluminium structures);
BS EN 1090-1 (assessment of conformity of metal constructions);
BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire — classification A1)

L-01-01 Internal wall finish

General information: Internal wall finish is applied to provide interior surfaces with the required functional and decorative properties. Depending on the design specification, this may include plaster, plasterboard sheets, cladding panels, or paint. Internal finishes ensure surface smoothness, substrate protection, and an aesthetically pleasing interior appearance.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 13788 and BS EN ISO 6946, internal finishes influence the vapour permeability of the building envelope and, to a lesser extent, the thermal performance of the wall. When used as part of insulated wall systems, consideration must be given to the finish’s ability to regulate moisture conditions, preventing condensation and maintaining the calculated thermal resistance.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13914 (plastering), BS EN 520 (plasterboards), and BS EN 15102 (wallcoverings and panels), internal finishes must provide adequate adhesion to the substrate, resistance to mechanical damage, abrasion resistance, and hygienic performance. Installation should comply with relevant standards, ensuring quality control of joints and surface flatness.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, finishing materials are classified by reaction to fire. Mineral plasters and plasterboards are generally classified as A1 or A2 (non-combustible), whereas decorative coatings (paints, panels) may fall into lower classes such as B or C. Design must also consider BS EN 13501-2 requirements to achieve the necessary fire resistance of the wall system as a whole.

Design life: Expected design life: 20–30 years according to BS EN 13914 and BS EN 520, provided correct installation and regular maintenance are carried out. Service life depends on the type of finish, operating conditions, and the intensity of mechanical impact.

Testing regime: According to BS EN 520 and BS EN 15102, finishes are tested for flexural strength (for sheet materials), adhesion to substrate, abrasion resistance, and resistance to moisture and temperature variations. Additional classification is carried out for reaction to fire in accordance with BS EN 13501-1.

L-01-02 Floor build up(internal)

General information: Internal floor build-up represents the structural layers of a floor within a building, including the substrate, insulation, leveling, and finishing layers. It provides strength, durability, sound and thermal insulation, and serves as a base for floor coverings in residential and commercial spaces.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 6946 (Thermal performance of building components) and BS EN ISO 10211 (Thermal bridges in building construction), the internal floor “sandwich” must minimise heat loss and thermal bridging. Insulation materials used (mineral wool, expanded polystyrene, PIR, etc.) are selected to achieve regulatory thermal resistance and maintain the energy efficiency of the space.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 1264 (Heating systems in buildings – Embedded water heating systems) and BS EN 13813 (Screed material and floor screeds – Properties and requirements), the floor construction must be designed for operational loads, durability, and compatibility with building services (e.g., underfloor heating). Materials should provide sufficient strength, moisture resistance, minimal deformation, and stability against shrinkage.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, floor materials are classified by reaction to fire. Insulation and floor layers must demonstrate appropriate non-combustibility or limited combustibility (e.g., A1 or A2-s1,d0) to ensure occupant safety and prevent fire spread through internal floor structures.

Design life: In accordance with BS EN 13813 and BS EN ISO 15686 (Buildings and constructed assets – Service life planning), the expected service life of an internal floor is at least 30 years when properly designed, installed, and maintained, including timely servicing and moisture protection.

Testing regime: Testing of internal floor build-ups is carried out according to BS EN 13813 (strength and wear resistance of screed), BS EN 1264 (compatibility with embedded water heating systems), BS EN 13501-1 (fire performance and reaction to fire), and BS EN 1307 (classification of floor coverings for durability and wear resistance).

L-01-03 Ceiling build up(internal)

General information: Internal ceiling build-up represents the structural layers of a ceiling within a room, including the supporting framework, acoustic and thermal insulation layers, and the finishing surface. It provides acoustic comfort, thermal insulation, aesthetic finishing, and protection of structural elements from external influences.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 6946 (Thermal performance of building components) and BS EN ISO 10211 (Thermal bridges in building construction), internal ceiling constructions should help reduce heat loss and minimise thermal bridges. Insulation materials such as mineral wool or PIR boards are selected to achieve the required thermal resistance and maintain the energy efficiency of the space.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13964 (Suspended ceilings – Requirements and test methods) and BS EN 520 (Gypsum plasterboards – Definitions, requirements and test methods), ceiling constructions must provide sufficient strength, deformation resistance, and compatibility with building services (lighting, ventilation, fire detection). Materials should be moisture-resistant, durable, and able to withstand mechanical damage during service.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, ceiling materials are classified by reaction to fire. Internal ceiling layers and panels should be non-combustible or of limited combustibility (e.g., A1 or A2-s1,d0), ensuring fire protection and compliance with Approved Document B.

Design life: In accordance with BS EN 13964 and BS EN ISO 15686 (Buildings and constructed assets – Service life planning), the expected service life of an internal ceiling is at least 30 years when properly designed, installed, and maintained, including protection against moisture and mechanical impacts.

Testing regime: Testing of ceiling constructions is carried out according to BS EN 13964 (load-bearing capacity and stability of suspended systems), BS EN 520 (strength and moisture resistance of gypsum plasterboards), and BS EN 13501-1 (fire performance and reaction to fire). Additionally, acoustic testing may be performed in accordance with BS EN ISO 140 and 717 to verify sound-absorbing properties.

L-01-04 Sill (Internal finish)

General Information: The internal sill is used as a finishing element for window openings, providing a decorative function, protecting the lower part of the opening from mechanical damage, and ensuring proper integration with the window assembly.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 10077 and BS EN ISO 6946, the thermal performance of the junction must be considered during installation. Incorrect installation can create thermal bridges and condensation zones. To minimise heat loss, the use of insulating pads and proper sealing of joints is recommended.

Technical Considerations: The sill material must comply with BS EN 312 (particleboard), BS EN 438 (HPL panels), BS EN 14688 (mineral products), or BS EN 485 (aluminium sheets), depending on the selected type. The construction must withstand mechanical loads, moisture, solar radiation, and normal in-service conditions.

Fire Safety Considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, the fire classification of the sill depends on the material. Mineral products and metals are classified as A1 (non-combustible). For wood-based composites and plastic sills, a minimum class of D-s2,d0 is required, while areas with higher fire safety requirements should use B-s1,d0.

Design Life: The expected service life of an internal sill is at least 30 years, provided the material is correctly selected, installation is properly executed, and operational requirements are met in accordance with BS EN 1990 (basis of structural reliability).

Testing Regime: Testing of sills must be carried out in accordance with the applicable standards for the specific material: BS EN 312 (particleboard strength), BS EN 438 (HPL resistance to wear and moisture), BS EN 14688 (strength and hygiene requirements for mineral products). Additional fire performance testing may be conducted in accordance with BS EN 13501-1.

L-02-01 Ventilation duct

General Information: A ventilation duct is a conduit used in ventilation and air-conditioning systems to transport air between indoor spaces and the external environment. It ensures effective air circulation, maintains a comfortable indoor climate, removes polluted air, and supplies fresh air in accordance with the building’s design requirements.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Ducts should have minimal pressure loss and thermal losses. To reduce heat transfer and conserve energy, insulation materials should be used in accordance with BS EN 12237 (Ventilation for buildings — Ductwork — Strength and leakage of circular sheet metal ducts) and BS EN 1505. Duct insulation must comply with the energy efficiency requirements of Building Regulations Part L and maintain the thermal transmittance (U-value) according to BS EN 12241.

Technical Considerations: Ducts can be made from galvanised steel, stainless steel, aluminium, or composite materials, depending on operating conditions and the level of corrosion aggressiveness. They must comply with BS EN 1505, BS EN 1506, and BS EN 12237 regarding strength, airtightness, and load resistance. Fixings and connection components must ensure airtightness and comply with BS EN 12236 and BS EN 12237.

Fire Safety Considerations: Duct materials must meet fire safety requirements. Metal ducts are classified as non-combustible (Class A1 under BS EN 13501-1). For buildings over 18 m, particularly in smoke extraction and fire protection systems, ducts must be tested and certified for resistance to fire and smoke spread in accordance with BS 476-24 and BS EN 1366-1.

Design Life: The expected service life of ventilation ducts is 30–50 years, depending on the material, operating conditions, and adherence to installation and maintenance recommendations in accordance with BS EN 12237 and BS EN 1505.

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

BS EN 12237 (strength and airtightness of metal ducts);
BS EN 1505 / BS EN 1506 (construction and connections of rectangular and circular ducts);
BS EN 12236 (airtightness of connections);
BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire);
BS 476-24 and BS EN 1366-1 (fire resistance of ducts)

L-03-02 Pavement

General information: Pavement is used as an external surface for pedestrian and vehicular areas, providing a safe and durable base for movement. The system may include concrete slabs, asphalt concrete, or paving blocks, and is applied in public spaces, driveways, and adjacent areas around buildings.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN 1338 (concrete paving blocks), BS EN 13108 (asphalt concrete), and BS EN 1339 (concrete slabs), pavements must maintain stable properties under temperature fluctuations and exposure to moisture. Pavement design takes into account thermal expansion and freeze–thaw resistance, reducing the risk of damage and extending service life.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 1338/1339/1340 (paving blocks, slabs, kerbs) and BS EN 13108 (asphalt concrete), pavements must provide high compressive and flexural strength, abrasion resistance, impact resistance, and sufficient load-bearing capacity to accommodate both pedestrian and vehicular traffic. Slopes and drainage systems are designed in line with BS EN 1436 to ensure effective surface water run-off.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, mineral-based materials (concrete, stone) are classified as A1 (non-combustible). Asphalt concrete is generally classified at a lower level (typically E), but in open outdoor conditions the risk of fire spread is minimal. Design should also take into account fire safety requirements for adjacent buildings and comply with BS EN 13501-2.

Design life: Expected design life: 40–60 years according to BS EN 1338/1339/13108, provided proper base design, drainage systems, and regular maintenance are ensured.

Testing regime: According to BS EN 1338/1339/1340 and BS EN 13108, pavements are tested for compressive and flexural strength, abrasion resistance, water absorption, freeze–thaw durability, and surface slip resistance. Additional verification is carried out for durability and compliance with the required service load class.

L-03-04 RWP

General information: RWP (Rainwater Pipe) is used for the vertical drainage of rainwater and meltwater from roofs and façades into the stormwater or drainage system. It forms part of the rainwater drainage system together with gutters and drainage channels, providing protection of walls and foundations from excessive moisture.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN 12056-3 (gravity drainage systems inside buildings), RWPs do not directly influence the thermal performance of the building envelope. However, their watertightness and correct positioning prevent moisture ingress into the insulation and wall structure, thereby maintaining the designed energy efficiency of the building.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 12200 (plastic rainwater pipes) and BS EN 877 (cast iron drainage pipes), the pipes must provide strength, resistance to impact and wind loads, UV stability (for external plastic options), and long-term durability when in constant contact with water. Diameter and hydraulic capacity are selected in line with BS EN 12056-3, based on the calculated rainfall intensity.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, stainless steel or cast iron pipes are classified as A1 (non-combustible). Plastic pipes are generally classified within the range B–D, depending on their composition and additives. Where pipes pass through fire-resisting partitions or floors, fire collars or sleeves are required in accordance with BS EN 1366-3.

Design life: Expected design life: 30–50 years according to BS EN 12200 and BS EN 877, depending on the pipe material, installation quality, and service conditions.

Testing regime: According to BS EN 12200 and BS EN 877, pipes are tested for strength, joint watertightness, impact resistance, durability under freeze–thaw cycles, and UV resistance (for plastic pipes). Additional classification is carried out for fire reaction in accordance with BS EN 13501-1.

L-03-05 Balcony floor build up

General information: Balcony floor build-up represents the structural layers of a balcony floor, including the supporting slab, thermal and waterproofing layers, leveling layer, and finishing surface. It ensures the durability of the structure, protection against weather effects, and comfortable use of the balcony surface.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 6946 (Thermal performance of building components) and BS EN ISO 10211 (Thermal bridges in building construction), balcony floor constructions should minimise thermal bridges, particularly at the junction with internal spaces. Rigid insulation materials (e.g., PIR or stone wool) are used to achieve the required thermal resistance and prevent condensation formation.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 1992 (Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures) and BS EN 13369 (Common rules for precast concrete products), balcony floor layers must withstand service loads, resist deformation, moisture exposure, and freeze-thaw cycles. Waterproofing membranes and protective coatings are selected based on durability and compatibility with finishing materials.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, materials used (waterproofing, insulation, and finishes) should be non-combustible or of limited combustibility (e.g., A1 or A2-s1,d0), preventing fire spread and ensuring compliance with fire safety requirements for external building elements.

Design life: In accordance with BS EN 1992 and BS EN ISO 15686 (Buildings and constructed assets – Service life planning), the expected service life of a balcony floor construction is at least 30 years, provided it is properly designed, installed, and maintained, including regular inspection of waterproofing and protective coatings.

Testing regime: Testing of balcony floors is carried out according to BS EN 13369 (strength and durability of concrete elements), BS EN 12390 (concrete testing), and BS EN 13501-1 (fire performance of materials). Waterproofing membranes are tested for watertightness and UV resistance, while finishing surfaces are assessed for wear resistance and slip resistance.

M-01-01 Horizontal fire barrier (open)

General Information: A horizontal fire barrier (open type) is a passive fire protection component installed within the cavity of ventilated façade systems. It is designed to restrict the vertical spread of fire and smoke between floors or compartments by sealing the cavity in the event of fire, while allowing ventilation and drainage under normal operating conditions. These barriers are typically installed at floor slab levels, window openings, and other fire-critical junctions.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: While its primary role is fire safety, the barrier can influence the façade's thermal continuity. To avoid cold bridging, it must be integrated without interrupting the insulation layer. This requires accurate detailing and alignment with mineral wool or other insulative materials. Thermal performance should be assessed in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridges) and overall façade U-value calculations as per BS EN ISO 6946. A correctly installed fire barrier should not negatively impact thermal performance.

Technical Considerations: Barriers are typically constructed from non-combustible materials such as rock mineral wool encased in aluminium foil and secured with stainless steel fixings. They must allow unimpeded cavity ventilation under normal conditions and rapidly activate to seal the cavity under fire exposure. Design and installation must comply with BS 9991, BS 9999, and product-specific standards such as BS 476 Parts 20–22 or BS EN 1364-4 / BS EN 1366-4, depending on classification. All installations must follow the system manufacturer’s certified fire detail drawings and be compatible with the cladding system.

Fire Safety Considerations: The fire barrier must achieve a tested fire resistance rating of EI30 or EI60 (depending on project requirements) in accordance with BS EN 13501-2. Fire performance must also be verified as part of the complete façade system per BS 8414, with compliance assessed to BR 135. Materials used in the barrier must meet reaction-to-fire classification A1 or A2-s1,d0 under BS EN 13501-1. Horizontal and vertical cavity barriers are mandatory in high-rise buildings over 18 metres.

Design Life: The expected service life of the fire barrier should match or exceed that of the façade system—minimum 30 years—assuming correct specification and installation. Long-term durability requires non-combustible, corrosion-resistant materials such as stainless steel and stone wool, and adherence to relevant design codes including BS EN 1991 and BS 9999.

Testing Regime: Relevant testing includes:

BS EN 1364-4 / BS EN 1366-4 / BS 476 Parts 20–22 – Fire resistance performance of cavity barriers
BS EN 13501-1 – Reaction to fire classification of materials
BS EN 13501-2 – Fire resistance classification (EI30 / EI60)
BS 8414 + BR 135 – Full-scale façade fire testing
Additional product-specific testing under simulated real fire conditions, to confirm cavity sealing behaviour under high temperature and pressure.

M-01-02 Horizontal fire barrier (close)

General information: A horizontal fire barrier (closed) is a fire-resistant barrier installed horizontally within building structures (e.g., between floors or within partitions) to prevent the spread of fire and smoke. It is used in residential, commercial, and public buildings to protect people and property.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 6946 (Thermal performance of building components), horizontal fire barriers can create local thermal bridges. Therefore, their impact on heat loss should be considered during design, and additional insulation should be provided that is compatible with the building’s energy performance requirements.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 1366-4 (Fire resistance tests for service installations – Linear joint seals) and BS EN 1363-1 (Fire resistance tests – General requirements), horizontal fire barriers must possess high strength, dimensional stability, and resistance to mechanical and thermal stresses. Materials should be compatible with the building structure and maintain integrity under fire and smoke conditions.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-2 and BS 476-20/22, horizontal fire barriers are classified by fire resistance and are intended to prevent the spread of fire and smoke for a specified period (e.g., EI 60 or EI 120). Materials used should be non-combustible or of limited combustibility (A1 or A2-s1,d0) to comply with Approved Document B and ensure building safety.

Design life: In accordance with BS EN ISO 15686 (Buildings and constructed assets – Service life planning), the expected service life of a horizontal fire barrier is at least 30 years, provided it is correctly installed, maintained, and periodically inspected for integrity.

Testing regime: Testing of horizontal fire barriers is conducted according to BS EN 1366-4 (fire resistance of linear joints and seals), BS EN 1363-1 (general fire resistance requirements), and BS EN 13501-2 (fire resistance classification). Additional checks are carried out for smoke tightness and performance under high temperatures.

M-01-06 Open State Cassette Infill

General Information: The Open State Cassette Infill is used in ventilated façade systems as a fire protection component with controlled opening. Under normal conditions, it allows ventilation of the cavity behind the cladding, while in the event of fire it expands (intumesces) to block the passage of flames and smoke.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The element must be compatible with the insulation system and not reduce its performance. During normal operation, cavity ventilation helps to remove moisture and maintain the thermal performance of the façade. Under fire conditions, the material must provide thermal insulation and sealing in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.

Technical Considerations: The Open State Cassette Infill must demonstrate stable mechanical properties, durability, and resistance to weathering. A key requirement is that the fire-protective layer expands at high temperatures to completely close the cavity. The material and construction should comply with BS EN 1366 (Fire resistance tests) and BS EN 13162 when used in combination with mineral wool insulation.

Fire Safety Considerations: The element must achieve a reaction to fire classification of at least A2-s1,d0 in accordance with BS EN 13501-1. Its main function in case of fire is to seal the ventilated cavity, limiting the spread of flames, smoke, and hot gases. The effectiveness of the system must be verified through large-scale façade testing to BS 8414 and classified in accordance with BS EN 13501-2.

Design Life: The expected service life of the Open State Cassette Infill is at least 30 years, provided it is correctly installed and protected against moisture and UV exposure, in accordance with BS EN 1366 and manufacturer recommendations.

Testing Regime: The element should be tested for fire resistance to EI criteria in accordance with BS EN 1366-4 (linear joint seals) and BS EN 1366-3 (penetration seals). For façade applications, large-scale testing to BS 8414 is mandatory, followed by classification in accordance with BS EN 13501-2.

M-02-01 Vertical cavity closer

General Information: A vertical cavity closer is a passive fire protection element installed within ventilated façade cavities to restrict the vertical spread of fire and smoke. It is typically used at vertical joints, abutments, panel interfaces, and the edges of window and door openings. The closer acts as a fire barrier by sealing the cavity and limiting fire propagation through the façade void.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: While its primary function is fire containment, the cavity closer must be installed to maintain thermal continuity and prevent thermal bridging. It should integrate seamlessly with the insulation layer of the façade system. Materials used—such as foil-faced mineral wool—offer low thermal conductivity. Thermal performance and detailing should be evaluated in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridges) and BS EN ISO 6946 (overall U-value calculations).

Technical Considerations: The closer must be robust, dimensionally stable, and resistant to weathering and mechanical impact throughout its service life. It should form a tight, continuous seal against adjacent cladding components without compromising necessary ventilation clearances, if applicable. Typically constructed from non-combustible mineral wool encased in aluminium foil or galvanised steel. Structural and installation performance must comply with BS EN 1366-4 and BS EN 1090 (execution of steel/aluminium structures).

Fire Safety Considerations: Vertical cavity closers must achieve a fire resistance rating of at least EI30 (EI60 for buildings over 18 metres in height), and all components must meet fire reaction classifications of A1 or A2-s1,d0 under BS EN 13501-1. The closer must effectively limit vertical flame and smoke spread within the façade cavity. Compliance with BS 8414 (full-scale fire testing) and BR 135 (performance assessment) is mandatory, especially in high-rise or high-risk buildings. Closers must be installed in critical areas, including junctions, window openings, and interfaces between façade segments.

Design Life: The expected service life is at least 30 years, provided that the closer is made from durable, non-combustible materials and is installed in accordance with the system manufacturer’s guidance and relevant British Standards, including BS EN 1991 (actions on structures) and BS 9991 (fire safety in residential buildings).

Testing Regime: Vertical cavity closers must undergo the following testing:

BS EN 1366-4 / BS EN 1363-1 – Fire resistance testing of service installations
BS EN 13501-1 – Reaction to fire classification (A1 / A2-s1,d0)
BS EN 13501-2 – Classification based on fire resistance performance (EI30 / EI60)
BS 8414 + BR 135 – Full-scale fire performance testing of the façade system
For systems incorporating intumescent components: thermal activation testing to validate expansion behaviour and sealing performance under fire conditions.

M-03-01 Support bracket (fire)

General Information: A fire-rated support bracket is a mounting component designed to secure façade elements while meeting fire safety requirements. It is used to fix cladding systems and fire barriers, ensuring stability and reliability under fire conditions.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Due to the high thermal conductivity of metals, the bracket should minimise thermal bridging. The use of thermal breaks or insulating pads at fixing points is recommended to reduce heat loss. The impact of the bracket on the thermal performance of the façade must be assessed according to BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridges) and BS EN ISO 6946 (overall thermal transmittance).

Technical Considerations: Brackets are typically manufactured from stainless steel or aluminium alloys with high strength and corrosion resistance, compliant with BS EN 1090-1 and BS EN 1993 (steel structures). The design must withstand calculated loads including cladding weight and wind pressure, while accommodating thermal expansion and contraction without compromising structural integrity.

Fire Safety Considerations: Materials used for the bracket must be non-combustible and achieve a minimum reaction to fire classification of A1 under BS EN 13501-1. The bracket must maintain load-bearing capacity for the duration required to support the fire barrier system, in accordance with fire resistance standards such as BS 476 and BS EN 1363.

Design Life: The expected service life is at least 30 years, assuming correct installation and maintenance. Corrosion protection methods, including stainless steel grade selection or protective coatings, extend durability in various environments.

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

Mechanical strength and tensile testing in accordance with BS EN ISO 6892-1
Corrosion resistance assessment via salt spray testing per BS EN ISO 9227
Fire resistance evaluation within the system context according to BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414

N-01-01 Silicone sealant (for external)

General information: Silicone sealant is used for sealing construction joints, connections between façade elements, windows, doors, glazing units, as well as junctions between different materials. It provides water- and air-tightness, accommodates structural movement, and protects against moisture, dust and air infiltration.

Energy / Thermal considerations: Silicone sealants help ensure building envelope airtightness, reducing thermal losses through joints and seams. When combined with thermal insulation materials and proper installation, they contribute to compliance with air- and moisture-tightness requirements in accordance with BS EN 1026 (air permeability) and BS EN ISO 6946 (thermal performance calculation). They also prevent thermal bridging in window and façade details.

Technical considerations: Technical characteristics are regulated by BS EN 15651 (sealants for non-structural applications, including façades, windows and sanitary joints). Silicone sealant must exhibit high elasticity, adhesion to various substrates (glass, metal, PVC, concrete), and resistance to UV radiation and ageing. It should accommodate joint movement of up to ±25% or more, depending on the class. For exterior applications, compliance with movement capability and weather resistance requirements (Type F-EXT-INT according to BS EN 15651-1) is essential.

Fire safety considerations:
Most silicone sealants are classified as combustible (typically Class E or lower per BS EN 13501-1). However, special fire-resistant sealants for fire protection details may achieve classifications up to B-s1,d0 or even EI classes when tested as part of an assembly (per BS EN 1366-4 and BS EN 13501-2). Appropriate sealants must be selected according to project fire resistance requirements.

Design life: The expected service life of silicone sealant ranges from 20 to 30 years depending on environmental conditions, application quality and maintenance of proper temperature/humidity conditions. For exterior applications and movement joints, regular inspection is recommended. Durability is determined based on testing according to BS EN ISO 11600 and BS EN 15651.

Testing regime: Silicone sealants are tested to:

BS EN ISO 11600 (evaluation of elasticity, adhesion, ageing resistance)
BS EN 15651 (Parts 1-4: façades, glazing, sanitary applications, pavement joints)
BS EN 13501-1 or BS EN 1366-4 for fire resistance testing
Additional tests assess resistance to UV radiation, humidity, extreme temperatures and chemical exposure.

N-03-01 Flush mortar

General information: Flush mortar is used in masonry and rendering works to fill joints between masonry units, with the surface finished flush with the outer face of the wall. This technique provides enhanced moisture protection and improves the aesthetic appearance of the façade.

Energy / Thermal considerations: From a thermal performance perspective, the mortar should exhibit low thermal conductivity within the limits defined by BS EN 1745 to ensure it does not compromise the overall thermal efficiency of the masonry construction.

Technical considerations: Technical requirements relating to composition, compressive strength, adhesion, and water absorption are regulated by BS EN 998-2 (for masonry mortar) and BS EN 1015 (testing methods), depending on the application class (e.g., M5 or M10).

Fire safety considerations: In terms of fire safety, flush mortar is classified as a non-combustible material with an A1 rating in accordance with BS EN 13501-1, confirming its full fire resistance.

Design life: The expected service life of flush mortar is not less than 30 years, provided that installation techniques and operational conditions comply with BS EN 998-2. Testing procedures include assessment of compressive strength, shrinkage, water absorption, and vapour permeability.

Y-01-01 Holes for drainage and ventilation

General Information: Holes for drainage and ventilation are specifically designed openings in façade system components intended to evacuate condensate, rainwater, and to facilitate natural ventilation of the cavity. These openings prevent moisture accumulation within the structure, help maintain an optimal microclimate, and extend the service life of the façade.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Drainage and ventilation holes should be designed to minimise heat loss through the façade and prevent thermal bridging. Their size and location must comply with thermal insulation requirements and relevant standards, including BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridges) and BS EN ISO 6946 (thermal performance of building components), ensuring the building’s energy efficiency is maintained.

Technical Considerations: The holes must be adequately sized and positioned at locations prone to condensate or water accumulation to ensure effective drainage. Surrounding materials should be resistant to moisture and corrosion. Edges of the holes should be protected from damage and clogging by using mesh or filters. The design must allow for easy installation and maintenance access.

Typically, the diameter of circular openings ranges from 6 mm to 10 mm, or they may take the form of continuous slots. The spacing and configuration must provide uninterrupted ventilation, with a recommended minimum open area of 500 mm² per square metre of façade.

Fire Safety Considerations: Drainage and ventilation openings must not facilitate the spread of fire or smoke within the façade cavity. Fire-stopping elements or barriers should be installed in conjunction with these holes, or fire-resistant meshes used to mitigate risks. All materials and solutions must comply with BS EN 13501-1, with a fire resistance rating of at least Class E.

Design Life: The service life of drainage and ventilation holes and associated components aligns with the overall façade system lifespan, typically no less than 30 years, assuming appropriate material selection and regular maintenance. Materials must retain corrosion resistance and mechanical integrity throughout their service life.

Testing Regime: Testing includes corrosion resistance evaluation per BS EN ISO 9227 (salt spray test), laboratory verification of drainage and ventilation efficiency, and fire performance assessment according to BS EN 13501-1 and BS 8414 (where applicable).

Y-01-02 Weep holes

General information: Weep holes are used as drainage openings in external walls, façade systems, and building plinths to discharge accumulated moisture from the wall cavity or behind cladding. They prevent water build-up, thereby ensuring the durability of the structure and reducing the risk of damage caused by moisture and condensation.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 13788 and BS EN ISO 6946, the presence of weep holes contributes to moisture control in multi-layered walls and supports the designed thermal performance of the insulation. Correct placement prevents saturation of the insulation, which directly affects the building’s energy efficiency.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS 8215 (Design and installation of damp-proof courses in masonry construction) and BS EN 1996 (Eurocode 6), weep holes should be spaced at defined intervals (typically 450 mm horizontally) and have minimum dimensions sufficient for effective moisture discharge. Insert materials (plastic or metal) must be resistant to corrosion and weathering. The design should prevent ingress of insects and debris into the wall cavity.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, materials used for weep hole inserts should have a verified reaction-to-fire classification, preferably A1 or A2 for mineral and metallic elements. When plastic inserts are used, their fire classification must comply with the requirements of the designed façade system, and where they pass through fire-resisting zones, they must be installed in accordance with BS EN 1366-3.

Design life: Expected design life: 30 years according to BS 8215, provided that design is correct and materials resistant to UV, moisture, and mechanical impact are used.

Testing regime: According to BS EN 13141-1 (testing of air terminal devices) and BS 8215, weep holes are tested for discharge capacity, resistance to external moisture penetration, and material durability. Additional fire reaction classification is carried out in accordance with BS EN 13501-1

Z-01-01 Concrete slab

General information: Reinforced concrete floor slabs are designed to create load-bearing structures that distribute loads and form horizontal surfaces in buildings and civil engineering structures.

Energy/Thermal considerations: Concrete slabs must account for thermal inertia and comply with energy efficiency requirements in accordance with BS EN ISO 13786. When used in building envelope applications, they must meet thermal transmittance (U-value) requirements as specified in BS EN ISO 6946.

Technical considerations: Slabs must be designed for strength, stiffness and stability in compliance with BS EN 1992-1-1 (Eurocode 2). Reinforcement specifications, thickness and concrete grade are determined by design loads. Permissible deflections and crack resistance are regulated by BS EN 1990 and BS EN 13670.

Fire safety considerations: The fire resistance of concrete slabs must meet Class R (load-bearing capacity) and, where required, Class EI (thermal insulation and integrity) as defined in BS EN 13501-2. Minimum concrete cover thickness for reinforcement is specified in BS EN 1992-1-2.

Design life: The design service life of reinforced concrete slabs is a minimum of 50 years when maintained according to operational requirements and BS EN 1990 (structural reliability) specifications.

Testing regime: Quality control testing includes:

Compressive strength testing (BS EN 12390-3)
Freeze-thaw resistance (BS EN 12390-9)
Water permeability (BS EN 12390-8)
Reinforcement compliance verification (BS EN 10080)
Non-destructive testing may also be conducted (BS EN 12504-2)

Z-01-02 Concrete column

General information: A concrete column is used as a vertical load-bearing element of a building, transferring loads from floors and beams to the foundation. Columns provide stiffness and stability to the structure and are widely applied in both civil and industrial construction.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 13788, concrete columns have high thermal conductivity and may act as thermal bridges within the building envelope. To reduce heat loss, the use of thermal insulation materials or thermal break solutions is required at junctions between the column and external envelope elements.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 1992-1-1 (Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures), concrete columns must provide adequate load-bearing capacity under compression, bending, and torsion, as well as ensure crack resistance and stability. The properties of concrete and reinforcement must comply with BS EN 206 (concrete) and BS EN 1992-1-1 (reinforcement). Geometry, reinforcement, and execution class must ensure durability and conformity to the design loads.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-2, concrete columns can provide a fire resistance rating of REI 90–240 depending on their dimensions, concrete class, and reinforcement cover thickness. Under BS EN 13501-1, concrete is classified as a non-combustible material (Class A1), guaranteeing no contribution to fire or smoke production.

Design life: Expected design life: 50–100 years according to BS EN 1992-1-1 and BS EN 206, provided the correct concrete class is selected, reinforcement cover is ensured, and protection against aggressive environments is applied.

Testing regime: According to BS EN 206 and BS EN 1992-1-1, concrete columns are tested for compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, crack resistance, frost resistance, and durability under exposure to aggressive environments. Additional fire resistance testing is carried out in accordance with BS EN 1363-1 and BS EN 13501-2

Z-01-03 Concrete upstand

General information: A concrete upstand is used to create a watertight barrier at roof, terrace, balcony and other construction junctions, preventing water ingress into the building.

Energy/Thermal considerations: The concrete upstand must account for thermal bridging at interfaces with other building elements. Thermal insulation requirements and energy loss minimisation are regulated by BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 14683.

Technical considerations: The structure must possess adequate strength and resistance to mechanical impacts. Upstand height and thickness are determined in accordance with:

BS 6229 (for flat roofs)
BS EN 1992-1-1 (for concrete structures)
Waterproofing must comply with BS EN 14909 or BS 8102.

Fire safety considerations: As a non-combustible element, concrete upstands typically achieve Class A1 per BS EN 13501-1. When combined with other materials (e.g., waterproofing membranes), their fire classification must be considered.

Design life: The expected service life of a concrete upstand is minimum 30 years when properly designed, installed and waterproofed in compliance with BS 7543 (durability of building constructions).

Testing regime: Quality control includes:

Concrete compressive strength testing (BS EN 12390-3)
Water permeability testing (BS EN 12390-8)
Freeze-thaw resistance (BS EN 12390-9)
Waterproofing material adhesion and elasticity testing (BS EN 14891)

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