Annotations

G-03-01 Non-combustible sheathing board (for LSFS)

General Information: The non-combustible cladding panel (for LSFS) serves as a protective and structural layer in Lightweight steel frame systems (LSFS), providing fire resistance, mechanical stability, and additional thermal insulation.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The panel shall comply with thermal conductivity and energy efficiency requirements per BS EN ISO 6946. It may be used in conjunction with insulation materials to enhance the thermal performance of building envelopes.

Technical Considerations: The material shall possess high compressive strength and deformation resistance, conforming to BS EN 13950 (gypsum-based boards) or BS EN 15283 (cement/fibre-based boards). Permissible geometric and flatness tolerances shall be regulated by BS EN 520.

Fire Safety Considerations: The panel shall be classified as non-combustible (A1 or A2-s1,d0 per BS EN 13501-1) and provide fire resistance in accordance with BS EN 1364-1 (fire resistance testing for non-load-bearing elements).

Design Life: The expected service life shall be no less than 30 years, subject to proper installation and maintenance conditions.

Testing Regime: Testing shall include:

• Fire resistance (BS EN 1364-1)

• Mechanical strength (BS EN 520)

• Moisture and frost resistance (where applicable) as per relevant standards.

G-04-01 Mineral wool insulation (for external application) (k ≤ 0.035 W/mK)

General Information: Mineral wool insulation (for wall) is used in external and internal building envelopes to provide thermal, acoustic and fire insulation. Installed in multi-layer walls, façade systems or framed partitions as a non-combustible insulation material.

Energy/Thermal Considerations: Mineral wool features low thermal conductivity (λ ≈ 0.032-0.040 W/m·K), complying with BS EN 13162 - the standard for thermal insulation products for buildings. It effectively reduces heat loss and helps building envelopes meet energy efficiency requirements (e.g. BS EN ISO 6946). Insulation thickness is selected based on required U-value.

Technical Considerations: According to BS EN 13162, mineral wool must maintain dimensional stability, moisture resistance, compressive strength (when used in rainscreen systems), and long-term durability. The material must retain its insulating properties under humid conditions. For walls, compliance with strength classes and dimensional stability under temperature fluctuations is essential. Capillary activity and water vapour diffusion resistance (µ-factor) are also considered.

Fire Safety Considerations: Mineral wool is a non-combustible material typically classified as A1 per BS EN 13501-1 - it doesn't support combustion, emit toxic gases or produce flaming droplets. Used as a component in fire protection systems for façades, partitions and fire compartments. When used in external insulation systems (e.g. ventilated façades), it ensures structural fire safety.

Design Life: The expected service life of mineral wool is minimum 30 years per BS EN 13162, provided proper installation, moisture protection and avoidance of mechanical damage.

Testing Regime: Testing is conducted according to BS EN 13162 and BS EN 1602-1609, including determination of thermal conductivity, water absorption, compressive strength, ageing resistance and dimensional stability. Fire performance is verified per BS EN 13501-1.

G-04-02 Mineral wool insulation (to void between LSFS studs) (k ≤ 0.038 W/mK)

General Information: Mineral wool insulation (for LSF) is a mineral fibre insulation material used in light steel framing (LSF) constructions. It provides thermal and acoustic insulation for external and internal walls, floors, partitions, and roofing systems. Installed between steel studs, it ensures the required thermal and acoustic performance of building envelopes.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Mineral wool has low thermal conductivity (λ ≈ 0.032–0.040 W/m·K), complying with BS EN ISO 10456 and BS EN 13162 (thermal insulation products - mineral wool products). In LSF systems, its use improves thermal resistance (R-value) and reduces heat loss through walls and roofs. The insulation must retain its thermal performance over its service life, including resistance to slumping and sagging. Thermal efficiency calculations follow BS EN ISO 6946 (thermal performance of building components) and BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridges).

Technical Considerations: Mineral wool for framed systems must exhibit sufficient rigidity, dimensional stability, water repellence, and vapour permeability. Per BS EN 13162, it must be classified by:

• Density

• Compressive/tensile strength

• Fibre length

• Other mechanical properties Additionally, resistance to vibration and vertical structural loads must be considered.

Fire Safety Considerations: Mineral wool is classified as a non-combustible material (A1 per BS EN 13501-1), meaning it does not contribute to fire, smoke, or flaming droplets. This makes it highly effective in LSF walls, where fire resistance (BS EN 1364-1 – non-load-bearing walls) is required. When combined with appropriate cladding, it can achieve EI 30–120 fire resistance ratings.

Design Life: The expected service life is minimum 50 years (BS EN 13162), provided the insulation is:

• Protected from moisture ingress

• Not mechanically damaged

• Properly installed to prevent settling in vertical applications

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

• BS EN 13162 (product characteristics)

• BS EN 1604 (dimensional stability & shrinkage resistance)

• BS EN 1607 (tensile strength)

• BS EN 12667 (thermal conductivity)

• BS EN ISO 1182 & BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire)

• Full LSF system fire testing (BS EN 1364-1) may also be required.

G-04-03 Mineral wool insulation (for slab edge) (ρ ≥ 100 kg/m^3)

General Information: Mineral wool insulation (rigid, high-density, ρ ≥ 100 kg/m³) is installed at the slab edge to provide thermal and acoustic insulation, and as part of a fire barrier between floors in façade systems. The material reduces heat loss through slab edges, prevents condensation, and limits fire spread within inter-floor cavities.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Mineral wool with a density of ≥100 kg/m³ has low thermal conductivity (λ ≤ 0.037 W/m·K) and provides effective thermal separation between the internal and external spaces of a building. The material must comply with BS EN 13162 (Thermal insulation products for buildings – Factory made mineral wool products). Installing it at slab edges helps eliminate thermal bridging and ensures compliance with Building Regulations Part L for energy efficiency.

Technical Considerations: The insulation should be non-hygroscopic, resistant to shrinkage and mechanical loads, and maintain its shape over time. A density of at least 100 kg/m³ ensures stability and compatibility with mechanical fixings. The material must comply with BS EN 13162 (thermal and mechanical properties of mineral wool) and BS EN ISO 9229 (determination of thermal conductivity). Installation should follow BS 5422 (Thermal insulation of pipework and equipment) and BS 5250 (Management of moisture in buildings), ensuring a tight fit without gaps.

Fire Safety Considerations: Mineral wool is non-combustible with a reaction-to-fire classification of A1 according to BS EN 13501-1. At the slab edge, it forms part of a fire-resisting barrier, preventing flame and smoke propagation between floors. Its use in façade systems over 18 m in height is acceptable when the complete assembly has been fire-tested in accordance with BS 8414 and assessed to BR 135.

Design Life: The expected service life of the insulation is at least 30 years in accordance with BS EN 13162 and BS EN 1990 (Basis of structural design), provided it is correctly installed and protected from moisture.

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

• BS EN 13162 (thermal and mechanical properties of mineral wool);

• BS EN 12667 (measurement of thermal conductivity);

• BS EN 822 / 823 / 824 (geometrical characteristics and dimensional stability);

• BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire — classification A1);

• BS 8414 and BR 135 (façade system fire performance, if applicable)

H-02-01 Double glazed unit (DGU-1)

General Information: A double glazed unit (DGU) is used in window, door, and façade systems to provide thermal and acoustic insulation. It consists of two glass panes separated by a spacer frame with a hermetically sealed cavity, which may be filled with air or an inert gas (e.g., argon). DGUs are employed in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings to enhance energy efficiency and comfort.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: According to BS EN 1279 (standards for insulating glass units), a double glazed unit must achieve a low thermal transmittance (U-value), particularly when using low-emissivity coatings (Low-E) and gas filling. This ensures compliance with building energy efficiency requirements, as specified in BS EN ISO 10077-1 and BS EN ISO 10456. The use of inert gases and warm-edge spacer bars further reduces heat loss and the risk of condensation.

Technical Considerations: Technical requirements for double glazed units are defined by BS EN 1279 (Parts 1–6), covering durability, airtightness, moisture absorption, optical properties, and thickness tolerances. Additional parameters include sound insulation, wind load resistance, and impact resistance (where required). Compatibility with window or façade systems must be ensured in accordance with BS EN 14351-1 (windows and external pedestrian doors).

Fire Safety Considerations: Standard double glazed units made from tempered or float glass are not fire-resistant, though they may be used in non-fire-rated barriers. Their behaviour in fire depends on the glass type: standard glass is not classified under BS EN 13501-1, but tempered or laminated glass may meet certain safe breakage requirements. If the glazed unit is part of a fire-rated system, specialist fire-resistant glass certified to BS EN 14449 and BS EN 13501-2 must be used.

Design Life The expected service life of a double glazed unit is at least 25–30 years, assuming proper installation and sealing quality, as per BS EN 1279-2 and -3.

Testing Regime: Testing includes assessments for:

• Airtightness (BS EN 1279-2)

• Moisture absorption (BS EN 1279-3)

• Thermal transmittance (BS EN 674)

• Light transmittance (BS EN 410)

• Sound insulation (BS EN ISO 10140)

• Resistance to climatic cycling and ageing

• Full-scale testing of glazed units within window systems is conducted under BS EN 14351-1.

H-04-01 Aluminium spandrel panel (ASP-1)

General information: Aluminium spandrel panels are used to cover floor slabs in façade systems, as well as for decorative purposes and to provide enclosure. The panels are installed in the zones between window openings and are non-transparent elements, ensuring architectural expression and protecting internal structures from weather exposure.

Energy / Thermal considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 (Thermal performance of building components) and BS EN ISO 10077 (Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters), aluminium spandrel panels must incorporate an insulating layer or suitable backing to eliminate thermal bridging and achieve the required thermal resistance. The panel design must maintain the energy efficiency of the building envelope and prevent condensation.

Technical considerations: According to BS EN 485 and BS EN 573 (Aluminium and aluminium alloys), panels must be manufactured from alloys with adequate strength, corrosion resistance and dimensional stability. Mechanical reliability, weathertightness and durability requirements for façade assemblies are defined in BS EN 13830 (Curtain walling – Product standard). The panel must be compatible with the supporting façade system and capable of withstanding wind loads and service loads.

Fire safety considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13501-1, aluminium is classified as a non-combustible material (Class A1). However, the construction of spandrel panels includes insulation and facing layers, which must comply with the requirements of Approved Document B. To ensure fire safety, non-combustible insulation materials (e.g. mineral wool classified as A1 or A2-s1,d0) and non-combustible facing materials must be used within the panel assembly, in line with BS EN 1364 (Fire resistance tests for non-loadbearing elements).

Design life: In accordance with BS EN 13830 and BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures), the expected service life of aluminium spandrel panels is at least 30 years, provided correct design, installation and corrosion protection are ensured.

Testing regime: Testing of aluminium spandrel panels is carried out in accordance with BS EN 13830 (mechanical performance, air permeability, watertightness), BS EN 13501-1 (fire performance classification), and BS EN ISO 10077 (thermal performance). Additional corrosion resistance tests may be carried out in accordance with BS EN ISO 9227 (salt spray test)

I-01-01 Aluminium panel

General Information: Aluminium panels are thin-gauge cladding elements used in ventilated façade systems for both decorative and protective purposes. Installed using either visible or concealed fixings, they form part of the building envelope, shielding the structure from environmental exposure while contributing to modern architectural aesthetics.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Due to their high thermal conductivity, aluminium panels do not serve as insulation. However, as external components of a ventilated façade system, they are critical in protecting underlying thermal insulation from wind and moisture ingress. Thermal performance calculations must be carried out in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211, with particular attention paid to thermal bridging around fixings. Adequate rear ventilation behind the panel is essential to allow moisture drainage and pressure equalisation.

Technical Considerations: Aluminium panels must be resistant to deformation, vibration, corrosion, and thermal cycling. Base materials should comply with BS EN 485 (rolled aluminium products), BS EN 573-3 and BS EN 515 (alloy and mechanical property specifications). Panel thickness and type (e.g. solid aluminium or aluminium composite) are selected based on wind load analysis per BS EN 1991-1-4 and material rigidity. Aesthetic and functional considerations include UV resistance, colour stability, and abrasion resistance of coatings.

Fire Safety Considerations: Fire performance depends on the panel type. Solid aluminium panels are typically non-combustible and may be classified as Class A1 per BS EN 13501-1. Aluminium composite panels (ACP) must have non-combustible cores (e.g. mineral-filled) to be used on buildings over 18 metres in height, achieving at least Class A2-s1,d0. The use of combustible cores (e.g. polyethylene) in high-rise or critical buildings is prohibited. All cladding products should be installed as part of façade systems tested to BS 8414 and assessed in accordance with BR 135.

Design Life: Aluminium panels have an expected service life of 30 years or more, subject to the quality of the coating and environmental conditions. Coating performance in terms of UV durability, pollution resistance and corrosion protection must meet BS EN 12206 (coated aluminium products). In coastal or industrial environments, additional protective measures or corrosion-resistant aluminium grades are recommended.

Testing Regime: Applicable testing standards include:

• BS EN 13501-1 – Fire classification (A1 or A2-s1,d0)

• BS EN 485 / BS EN ISO 6892-1 – Mechanical properties of aluminium sheet

• BS EN 12206 – Coating quality and weathering resistance

• BS EN ISO 9227 – Salt spray (neutral) testing for corrosion resistance

• BS 8414 and BR 135 – Full-scale fire performance as part of cladding system

I-02-02 Brick

General Information: Clinker tiles (brick slip cladding) are utilised in ventilated façade systems to replicate the appearance of traditional brickwork, providing decorative enhancement and additional protection to the building envelope while maintaining a reduced structural load.

Energy/Thermal Considerations: From a thermal performance perspective, these components contribute to heat retention and vapour permeability in accordance with BS EN ISO 10456 and BS EN 1745, without compromising the overall performance of the building envelope.

Technical Considerations: The technical requirements for brick slip cladding are governed by BS EN 14411 (ceramic tiles) and BS EN 998-1 (adhesive mortars), covering parameters such as flexural strength, adhesion, frost resistance, and water absorption.

Fire Safety Considerations: In terms of fire safety, clinker tiles are classified as non-combustible materials with an A1 rating under BS EN 13501-1, ensuring a high degree of fire resistance and minimal smoke emission.

Design Life: The expected service life of the system is no less than 30 years, provided that installation and maintenance are carried out in accordance with relevant standards. Testing includes assessment of mechanical strength, adhesion, resistance to climatic influences, and long-term durability of the cladding.

I-05-01 Brick

General information: Brick is used as a building material for the construction of external and internal walls, partitions and façade cladding. It provides strength, stability and architectural expression, and is one of the most traditional and durable construction materials, complying with the requirements of British Standards.

Energy / Thermal considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 (Thermal performance of building components) and BS EN 1745 (Masonry and masonry products – Methods for determining thermal properties), brick has relatively high thermal conductivity compared with insulation materials, but it provides good thermal mass. This property allows it to store heat and stabilise the internal climate of buildings. When designing, factors such as wall thickness, brick type and combination with insulation are taken into account to achieve regulatory energy performance.

Technical considerations: According to BS EN 771-1 (Specification for masonry units – Clay masonry units), brick must meet requirements for compressive strength, frost resistance, water absorption and dimensional accuracy. Brickwork structures are designed in accordance with BS EN 1996 (Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures), which defines the calculation rules for loadbearing capacity, stability and durability of masonry.

Fire safety considerations: Brick is a non-combustible material and, in accordance with BS EN 13501-1, is classified as Class A1. It does not propagate fire and provides high fire resistance for wall structures. According to BS EN 1996-1-2 (Design of masonry structures – Structural fire design), brickwork can retain its loadbearing capacity for long durations during fire exposure, ensuring the fire safety of buildings.

Design life: In accordance with BS EN 1996 and BS EN 771-1, the service life of brickwork is more than 30 years and, with proper design and maintenance, can exceed 60–100 years, meeting durability requirements for building envelopes and loadbearing structures.

Testing regime: Testing of brick is carried out in accordance with BS EN 772 (Methods of test for masonry units), including determination of compressive strength, water absorption, density, dimensions and frost resistance. Fire performance classification is undertaken in accordance with BS EN 13501-1, and thermal properties are assessed in accordance with BS EN 1745

I-05-02 Soffit unit (Brick)

General information: The soffit unit (brick) is used to finish and protect the underside of projecting structural elements such as balconies, lintels and cornices. It forms part of the façade system, providing a consistent architectural appearance to the building as well as protection of the structure against weather exposure and mechanical damage.

Energy / Thermal considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 (Thermal performance of building components) and BS EN ISO 10211 (Thermal bridges in building construction), brick soffit units must be designed to minimise thermal bridging. Within the construction, they are often combined with non-combustible insulation materials to provide the required thermal resistance and to prevent condensation.

Technical considerations: According to BS EN 771-1 (Specification for masonry units – Clay masonry units) and BS EN 1996 (Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures), brick soffit blocks must provide sufficient compressive strength, frost resistance, moisture resistance and durability. Installation is carried out using specialised fixing systems that ensure reliability and compatibility with the supporting structure.

Fire safety considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13501-1, brick is classified as a non-combustible material (Class A1). The use of brick soffit units provides full fire safety and prevents fire spread in the zone of projecting elements. In combination with non-combustible insulation materials, the soffit assembly complies with the requirements of Approved Document B.

Design life: In accordance with BS EN 1996 and BS EN 771-1, the service life of a brick soffit unit is at least 30 years, and with proper design and maintenance may reach 60–100 years, consistent with the durability of the main masonry of the building.

Testing regime: Testing of brick soffit units is carried out in accordance with BS EN 772 (Methods of test for masonry units), including determination of compressive strength, frost resistance and water absorption. In addition, system-based testing in accordance with BS EN 1364 (Fire resistance tests for non-loadbearing elements) may be undertaken to confirm the fire performance of soffit assemblies.

J-02-01 Aluminium sill (t-2mm)

General information: An aluminium sill (2 mm thick) is a horizontal element installed at window or façade openings, designed to direct rainwater and meltwater away from the wall surface and to protect the lower part of the opening from moisture ingress and mechanical damage. It is used in both ventilated façade systems and window assemblies, and is mounted beneath the window frame.

Energy / Thermal considerations: Although aluminium sills do not possess intrinsic thermal insulation properties, their design must address the minimisation of thermal bridging, particularly at the junction with the window frame. During the design stage, thermal break pads or installation over an insulated layer should be considered to maintain the required thermal resistance of the detail in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridge analysis). It is also essential to ensure airtight and watertight joints to prevent air and moisture infiltration.

Technical considerations: A 2 mm thick aluminium sill must demonstrate resistance to mechanical loads, deformation, and environmental exposure. Compliance with BS EN 485 (mechanical properties of wrought aluminium), BS EN 573 (chemical composition), and BS EN 15088 (aluminium products for structural applications) ensures the quality and performance of the material. The aluminium should be provided with a protective finish, such as anodising or powder coating, in accordance with BS EN 12206 (organic coatings) to enhance resistance to corrosion and UV degradation.

Fire safety considerations: Aluminium is classified as a non-combustible material (Class A1 under BS EN 13501-1). It does not sustain combustion, emit toxic fumes, or produce flaming droplets, making it a safe component in systems requiring fire resistance, particularly in external zones and escape routes. However, when used in conjunction with sealants or gaskets, the fire classification of these additional materials must also be taken into account.

Design life: The expected service life of an aluminium sill is at least 40–50 years, provided proper usage conditions are maintained and the protective coating is intact. This aligns with typical service life expectations for aluminium components used in façade and window systems, as referenced in BS EN 1999-1-1 (Eurocode 9 — design of aluminium structures).

Testing regime: Testing may include assessment of corrosion resistance (BS EN ISO 9227 — salt spray testing), mechanical strength (including bending and impact resistance), coating adhesion (BS EN ISO 2409), and drainage performance as part of the window or façade assembly, in accordance with BS EN 1027 (water tightness) and BS EN 12208 (watertightness of windows and doors).

J-03-01 Aluminium reveal

General Information: An aluminium reveal is a supplementary façade component used to finish window and door openings within cladding systems. It provides a clean and durable aesthetic transition between the façade and frame, protects structural components from environmental exposure, and may serve a secondary function in water drainage away from the window or door assembly.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Although the aluminium reveal itself is not a thermal insulator, its design and installation must minimise thermal bridging, particularly at junctions with insulated façade elements. The use of thermal breaks, insulated backing strips, or compression gaskets is recommended to improve performance. Thermal transmittance of junction details should be assessed using BS EN ISO 10211, and overall façade performance calculated in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946.

Technical Considerations: The reveal must be fabricated from aluminium that complies with BS EN 485 (rolled products), BS EN 515 (temper designation), and BS EN 573-3 (alloy designation). It must resist deformation, UV exposure, discolouration, corrosion, and mechanical impact. Coating durability should meet BS EN 12206 (for powder-coated or anodised finishes). Proper integration with window frames and cladding panels is essential to prevent moisture ingress and maintain airtightness.

Fire Safety Considerations: Solid aluminium is a non-combustible material and is classified as Class A1 under BS EN 13501-1. However, as part of the window or door assembly in high-rise buildings (18m+), the reveal must be used within a façade system that meets the fire performance requirements of BS 8414 and BR 135. Care should be taken to ensure that no combustible materials are used in adjacent sealing or backing components.

Design Life: The expected service life of an aluminium reveal is 30 years or more, provided it is correctly installed, protected against galvanic corrosion (particularly at junctions with dissimilar metals), and maintained in accordance with manufacturer guidance. Design should comply with BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9 – Aluminium Structures).

Testing Regime: Typical performance testing includes:

• BS EN ISO 6892-1 – Tensile properties of aluminium

• BS EN 12206 – Coating durability and weathering resistance

• BS EN ISO 9227 – Corrosion resistance via salt spray testing

• BS EN 13501-1 – Reaction to fire (A1 classification)

• BS 8414 – Fire performance of the complete façade system (where required for buildings >18m)

J-04-01 Aluminium coping (t-2mm)

General information: Aluminium coping is a protective element installed at the top of parapets, walls, or roof barriers to prevent the ingress of precipitation into the construction and to protect against erosion, weathering, and mechanical damage. It is used in external building envelope systems to enhance the durability and watertightness of façade or roofing assemblies.

Energy / Thermal considerations: Although aluminium coping itself does not provide thermal insulation, it must be properly integrated with the thermal insulation layer and vapour control barrier so as not to compromise the thermal performance of the construction. It is essential to eliminate thermal bridges through fixings and ensure sealed connections with insulation, particularly on warm roof assemblies. Detailing and thermal modelling should be carried out in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946.

Technical considerations: Aluminium coping must be resistant to wind loads, environmental exposure, and deformation. It is typically manufactured from 2–3 mm thick aluminium sheet and must comply with BS EN 485 (mechanical properties of wrought aluminium), BS EN 573 (chemical composition), and BS EN 15088 (aluminium products for structural applications). To provide protection against corrosion and UV exposure, the surface should be anodised or powder-coated in accordance with BS EN 12206 (organic coatings). The coping fixing system must accommodate thermal expansion without compromising joint integrity.

Fire safety considerations: Aluminium used for coping is a non-combustible material, classified as Class A1 in accordance with BS EN 13501-1. It does not support flame propagation and does not emit toxic gases when exposed to high temperatures. However, at interfaces with other materials (e.g. gaskets, sealants), the individual fire classification of those components must be taken into account, especially where coping is installed on roofs or along evacuation zones.

Design life: The expected service life of aluminium coping is at least 40–50 years, provided it is correctly designed, installed, and protected from electrolytic corrosion. This service life is supported by BS EN 1999-1-1 (Eurocode 9 — design of aluminium structures) and BS EN ISO 9223 (assessment of the corrosivity of atmospheric environments).

Testing regime: Testing may include resistance to wind loading (BS EN 1991-1-4), watertightness of connection details (BS EN 1027), coating adhesion (BS EN ISO 2409), corrosion resistance (BS EN ISO 9227 — salt spray test), and resistance to climatic ageing (BS EN 1297). When used in roofing systems, additional testing may be required for capillary action resistance and dimensional stability under thermal expansion.

K-01-04 Aluminium angle (for cladding)

General information: The aluminium angle profile is employed in ventilated façade systems for the fixing, connection, and reinforcement of cladding panels, as well as for the formation of corner and joint details, ensuring precise alignment and structural stability.

Energy / Thermal considerations: From a thermal performance standpoint, the angle profile must be designed to minimise thermal bridging and comply with the requirements of BS EN ISO 10211, which governs the assessment of thermal bridges in building façades.

Technical considerations: Technical requirements are defined by BS EN 755 (for extruded aluminium profiles) and BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9), covering dimensional tolerances, mechanical strength, flexural resistance, and durability under external influences.

Fire safety considerations: In terms of fire safety, the aluminium angle profile must be classified as A1 in accordance with BS EN 13501-1, confirming its non-combustibility.

Design life: The expected service life is not less than 30 years, subject to correct installation and protection from aggressive environmental conditions, as specified in BS EN 1090 and BS EN 1999. Testing procedures may include verification of dimensional accuracy, mechanical strength, and corrosion resistance under operational conditions.

K-02-01 Stainless steel angle

General Information: A stainless steel angle is an L-shaped profile used in façade and building systems for fastening, supporting, and connecting various components, including brackets, rails, and cladding panels. It is employed in primary and secondary connections, providing rigidity, stability, and accurate positioning of structural elements.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Stainless steel angles can create thermal bridges where they intersect insulation. To reduce heat loss, it is recommended to use thermal break pads or insulating inserts and to perform thermal analysis of connections in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946, ensuring compliance with the energy efficiency requirements of Building Regulations Part L.

Technical Considerations: Angles must be fabricated from stainless steel in accordance with BS EN 10088 (grades AISI 304 or 316, depending on the corrosion exposure category per BS EN ISO 9223). The product must comply with BS EN 1090-1 (assessment of conformity of steel structures) and be designed in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-1 and BS EN 1993-1-8 (Eurocode 3: design of steel structures and connections). Profile dimensions and thickness are selected based on structural capacity and wind load calculations. Fasteners should comply with BS EN ISO 3506-1 / -2.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is non-combustible with a reaction-to-fire classification of A1 under BS EN 13501-1. The angles do not contribute to flame spread or smoke production. For buildings over 18 m, angles may be used provided the complete façade system has been fire-tested in accordance with BS 8414 and assessed to BR 135.

Design Life: The expected service life of stainless steel angles is at least 60 years, given correct selection of stainless steel grade and operating conditions, in accordance with BS EN ISO 9223 and BS EN 1993 (Eurocode 3).

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

• BS EN 10088 (chemical composition and properties of stainless steel);

• BS EN 1090-1 (assessment of conformity of steel structures);

• BS EN ISO 6892-1 (tensile strength and yield limit testing);

• BS EN ISO 9227 (corrosion resistance testing — salt spray);

• BS EN ISO 3506-1 / -2 (mechanical properties of stainless steel fasteners);

• BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire — classification A1);

• BS 8414 and BR 135 (façade system fire performance, if applicable)

K-02-03 Stainless steel Z-profile

General Information: The Stainless Steel Z-Profile is used in rainscreen façade systems, roofing, and partition assemblies as a structural and fixing element. The profile provides rigidity, support for cladding panels, and accurate alignment of façade components.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Stainless steel has high thermal conductivity and may create localised thermal bridges within the façade assembly. To minimise heat loss, thermal breaks or insulating spacers should be used between profiles. Compliance with thermal performance requirements shall be demonstrated in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.

Technical Considerations: The Z-profile must exhibit high strength and stiffness to resist wind and service loads, as well as stability under deformation and vibration. The material and geometry shall comply with BS EN 10088 (Stainless steels – Technical delivery conditions), and structural design shall follow BS EN 1993-1-1 and BS EN 1993-1-8 (Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures and joints). The profile must be corrosion-resistant under external environmental conditions.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is classified as non-combustible (Class A1) in accordance with BS EN 13501-1. The profile does not contribute to flame spread, while the overall fire resistance of the façade system shall be verified through testing in accordance with BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414.

Design Life: The expected design life of the Stainless Steel Z-Profile is not less than 50 years, provided correct installation, maintenance, and use of A4-grade stainless steel, as defined by BS EN 10088 and BS EN 1993.

Testing Regime: Testing shall include:

• Mechanical strength and joint durability;

• Corrosion resistance — BS EN ISO 9227;

• Fire resistance and façade system performance — BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414

K-02-07 Stainless steel flat strip

General Information: A stainless steel flat strip is a flat stainless steel profile used in façade and building systems for fastening, reinforcement, connecting, and supporting various construction elements, including cladding panels, brackets, and rails. It serves as a structural or auxiliary component, providing strength, rigidity, and accurate assembly of façade details.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Stainless steel flat strips can create local thermal bridges where they intersect insulation. To reduce heat loss, it is recommended to use thermal break pads, insulating sleeves, or composite inserts, and to carry out thermal calculations in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946, ensuring compliance with the energy efficiency requirements of Building Regulations Part L.

Technical Considerations: The material must comply with BS EN 10088 (stainless steel grades AISI 304 or 316, depending on the corrosion exposure category per BS EN ISO 9223). Flat strips should be designed in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-1 and BS EN 1993-1-8 (Eurocode 3: design of steel structures and connections). Manufacture and certification of the metal elements must comply with BS EN 1090-1. Fasteners used for installation should comply with BS EN ISO 3506-1 / -2.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is non-combustible with a reaction-to-fire classification of A1 under BS EN 13501-1. Flat strips do not contribute to flame spread or smoke production. For buildings over 18 m, use is only permitted within certified façade systems that have been fire-tested according to BS 8414 and assessed to BR 135.

Design Life: The expected service life of stainless steel flat strips is at least 60 years, assuming correct stainless steel grade selection, consideration of environmental conditions, and compliance with BS EN ISO 9223 and BS EN 1993 (Eurocode 3).

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

• BS EN 10088 (chemical composition and physical-mechanical properties of stainless steel);

• BS EN 1090-1 (assessment of conformity of steel structures);

• BS EN ISO 6892-1 (tensile strength and yield limit testing);

• BS EN ISO 9227 (corrosion resistance testing — salt spray);

• BS EN ISO 3506-1 / -2 (mechanical properties of stainless steel fasteners);

• BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire — classification A1);

• BS 8414 and BR 135 (façade system fire performance, if applicable)

K-03-02 Aluminium angle (for cladding)

General information: The aluminium angle profile is employed in ventilated façade systems for the fixing, connection, and reinforcement of cladding panels, as well as for the formation of corner and joint details, ensuring precise alignment and structural stability.

Energy / Thermal considerations: From a thermal performance standpoint, the angle profile must be designed to minimise thermal bridging and comply with the requirements of BS EN ISO 10211, which governs the assessment of thermal bridges in building façades.

Technical considerations: Technical requirements are defined by BS EN 755 (for extruded aluminium profiles) and BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9), covering dimensional tolerances, mechanical strength, flexural resistance, and durability under external influences.

Fire safety considerations: In terms of fire safety, the aluminium angle profile must be classified as A1 in accordance with BS EN 13501-1, confirming its non-combustibility.

Design life: The expected service life is not less than 30 years, subject to correct installation and protection from aggressive environmental conditions, as specified in BS EN 1090 and BS EN 1999. Testing procedures may include verification of dimensional accuracy, mechanical strength, and corrosion resistance under operational conditions.

L-01-01 Internal wall finish

General information: Internal wall finish is applied to provide interior surfaces with the required functional and decorative properties. Depending on the design specification, this may include plaster, plasterboard sheets, cladding panels, or paint. Internal finishes ensure surface smoothness, substrate protection, and an aesthetically pleasing interior appearance.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 13788 and BS EN ISO 6946, internal finishes influence the vapour permeability of the building envelope and, to a lesser extent, the thermal performance of the wall. When used as part of insulated wall systems, consideration must be given to the finish’s ability to regulate moisture conditions, preventing condensation and maintaining the calculated thermal resistance.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13914 (plastering), BS EN 520 (plasterboards), and BS EN 15102 (wallcoverings and panels), internal finishes must provide adequate adhesion to the substrate, resistance to mechanical damage, abrasion resistance, and hygienic performance. Installation should comply with relevant standards, ensuring quality control of joints and surface flatness.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, finishing materials are classified by reaction to fire. Mineral plasters and plasterboards are generally classified as A1 or A2 (non-combustible), whereas decorative coatings (paints, panels) may fall into lower classes such as B or C. Design must also consider BS EN 13501-2 requirements to achieve the necessary fire resistance of the wall system as a whole.

Design life: Expected design life: 20–30 years according to BS EN 13914 and BS EN 520, provided correct installation and regular maintenance are carried out. Service life depends on the type of finish, operating conditions, and the intensity of mechanical impact.

Testing regime: According to BS EN 520 and BS EN 15102, finishes are tested for flexural strength (for sheet materials), adhesion to substrate, abrasion resistance, and resistance to moisture and temperature variations. Additional classification is carried out for reaction to fire in accordance with BS EN 13501-1.

L-01-02 Floor build up(internal)

General information: Internal floor build-up represents the structural layers of a floor within a building, including the substrate, insulation, leveling, and finishing layers. It provides strength, durability, sound and thermal insulation, and serves as a base for floor coverings in residential and commercial spaces.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 6946 (Thermal performance of building components) and BS EN ISO 10211 (Thermal bridges in building construction), the internal floor “sandwich” must minimise heat loss and thermal bridging. Insulation materials used (mineral wool, expanded polystyrene, PIR, etc.) are selected to achieve regulatory thermal resistance and maintain the energy efficiency of the space.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 1264 (Heating systems in buildings – Embedded water heating systems) and BS EN 13813 (Screed material and floor screeds – Properties and requirements), the floor construction must be designed for operational loads, durability, and compatibility with building services (e.g., underfloor heating). Materials should provide sufficient strength, moisture resistance, minimal deformation, and stability against shrinkage.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, floor materials are classified by reaction to fire. Insulation and floor layers must demonstrate appropriate non-combustibility or limited combustibility (e.g., A1 or A2-s1,d0) to ensure occupant safety and prevent fire spread through internal floor structures.

Design life: In accordance with BS EN 13813 and BS EN ISO 15686 (Buildings and constructed assets – Service life planning), the expected service life of an internal floor is at least 30 years when properly designed, installed, and maintained, including timely servicing and moisture protection.

Testing regime: Testing of internal floor build-ups is carried out according to BS EN 13813 (strength and wear resistance of screed), BS EN 1264 (compatibility with embedded water heating systems), BS EN 13501-1 (fire performance and reaction to fire), and BS EN 1307 (classification of floor coverings for durability and wear resistance).

L-01-03 Ceiling build up(internal)

General information: Internal ceiling build-up represents the structural layers of a ceiling within a room, including the supporting framework, acoustic and thermal insulation layers, and the finishing surface. It provides acoustic comfort, thermal insulation, aesthetic finishing, and protection of structural elements from external influences.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 6946 (Thermal performance of building components) and BS EN ISO 10211 (Thermal bridges in building construction), internal ceiling constructions should help reduce heat loss and minimise thermal bridges. Insulation materials such as mineral wool or PIR boards are selected to achieve the required thermal resistance and maintain the energy efficiency of the space.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13964 (Suspended ceilings – Requirements and test methods) and BS EN 520 (Gypsum plasterboards – Definitions, requirements and test methods), ceiling constructions must provide sufficient strength, deformation resistance, and compatibility with building services (lighting, ventilation, fire detection). Materials should be moisture-resistant, durable, and able to withstand mechanical damage during service.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, ceiling materials are classified by reaction to fire. Internal ceiling layers and panels should be non-combustible or of limited combustibility (e.g., A1 or A2-s1,d0), ensuring fire protection and compliance with Approved Document B.

Design life: In accordance with BS EN 13964 and BS EN ISO 15686 (Buildings and constructed assets – Service life planning), the expected service life of an internal ceiling is at least 30 years when properly designed, installed, and maintained, including protection against moisture and mechanical impacts.

Testing regime: Testing of ceiling constructions is carried out according to BS EN 13964 (load-bearing capacity and stability of suspended systems), BS EN 520 (strength and moisture resistance of gypsum plasterboards), and BS EN 13501-1 (fire performance and reaction to fire). Additionally, acoustic testing may be performed in accordance with BS EN ISO 140 and 717 to verify sound-absorbing properties.

L-01-04 Sill (Internal finish)

General Information: The internal sill is used as a finishing element for window openings, providing a decorative function, protecting the lower part of the opening from mechanical damage, and ensuring proper integration with the window assembly.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 10077 and BS EN ISO 6946, the thermal performance of the junction must be considered during installation. Incorrect installation can create thermal bridges and condensation zones. To minimise heat loss, the use of insulating pads and proper sealing of joints is recommended.

Technical Considerations: The sill material must comply with BS EN 312 (particleboard), BS EN 438 (HPL panels), BS EN 14688 (mineral products), or BS EN 485 (aluminium sheets), depending on the selected type. The construction must withstand mechanical loads, moisture, solar radiation, and normal in-service conditions.

Fire Safety Considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, the fire classification of the sill depends on the material. Mineral products and metals are classified as A1 (non-combustible). For wood-based composites and plastic sills, a minimum class of D-s2,d0 is required, while areas with higher fire safety requirements should use B-s1,d0.

Design Life: The expected service life of an internal sill is at least 30 years, provided the material is correctly selected, installation is properly executed, and operational requirements are met in accordance with BS EN 1990 (basis of structural reliability).

Testing Regime: Testing of sills must be carried out in accordance with the applicable standards for the specific material: BS EN 312 (particleboard strength), BS EN 438 (HPL resistance to wear and moisture), BS EN 14688 (strength and hygiene requirements for mineral products). Additional fire performance testing may be conducted in accordance with BS EN 13501-1.

L-02-01 Ventilation duct

General Information: A ventilation duct is a conduit used in ventilation and air-conditioning systems to transport air between indoor spaces and the external environment. It ensures effective air circulation, maintains a comfortable indoor climate, removes polluted air, and supplies fresh air in accordance with the building’s design requirements.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Ducts should have minimal pressure loss and thermal losses. To reduce heat transfer and conserve energy, insulation materials should be used in accordance with BS EN 12237 (Ventilation for buildings — Ductwork — Strength and leakage of circular sheet metal ducts) and BS EN 1505. Duct insulation must comply with the energy efficiency requirements of Building Regulations Part L and maintain the thermal transmittance (U-value) according to BS EN 12241.

Technical Considerations: Ducts can be made from galvanised steel, stainless steel, aluminium, or composite materials, depending on operating conditions and the level of corrosion aggressiveness. They must comply with BS EN 1505, BS EN 1506, and BS EN 12237 regarding strength, airtightness, and load resistance. Fixings and connection components must ensure airtightness and comply with BS EN 12236 and BS EN 12237.

Fire Safety Considerations: Duct materials must meet fire safety requirements. Metal ducts are classified as non-combustible (Class A1 under BS EN 13501-1). For buildings over 18 m, particularly in smoke extraction and fire protection systems, ducts must be tested and certified for resistance to fire and smoke spread in accordance with BS 476-24 and BS EN 1366-1.

Design Life: The expected service life of ventilation ducts is 30–50 years, depending on the material, operating conditions, and adherence to installation and maintenance recommendations in accordance with BS EN 12237 and BS EN 1505.

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

• BS EN 12237 (strength and airtightness of metal ducts);

• BS EN 1505 / BS EN 1506 (construction and connections of rectangular and circular ducts);

• BS EN 12236 (airtightness of connections);

• BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire);

• BS 476-24 and BS EN 1366-1 (fire resistance of ducts)

L-03-01 Roof build up

General information: This roofing system is designed to protect the building from environmental exposure, provide thermal insulation, and ensure the long-term durability of the roof covering.

Energy / Thermal considerations: The roofing system must comply with thermal conductivity and energy efficiency requirements in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946. The thermal resistance (R-value) should be calculated based on the regional climatic conditions. Additional requirements include the minimisation of thermal bridging in accordance with BS EN ISO 14683.

Technical considerations: The roof construction must ensure mechanical strength and resistance to wind and snow loads in accordance with BS EN 1991-1-3 and BS EN 1991-1-4. The waterproofing layer must comply with BS EN 13707, while the vapour control layer must meet BS EN 13984. Roof pitch and drainage must be designed in accordance with BS EN 12056-3.

Fire safety considerations: Roofing materials must achieve a fire classification of no less than A2-s1,d0 as per BS EN 13501-1. When combustible insulation materials are used, fire barriers must be incorporated in accordance with BS EN 13501-5.

Design life: The expected service life of the roofing system is at least 30 years, provided that the requirements of BS EN 15643-1 are met and that regular maintenance is performed.

Testing regime: Roofing materials and systems must undergo testing for watertightness (BS EN 1928), UV resistance (BS EN 1297), and mechanical performance (BS EN 16012). Fire performance testing may also be required in accordance with BS EN 1187.

L-03-05 Balcony floor build up

General information: Balcony floor build-up represents the structural layers of a balcony floor, including the supporting slab, thermal and waterproofing layers, leveling layer, and finishing surface. It ensures the durability of the structure, protection against weather effects, and comfortable use of the balcony surface.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 6946 (Thermal performance of building components) and BS EN ISO 10211 (Thermal bridges in building construction), balcony floor constructions should minimise thermal bridges, particularly at the junction with internal spaces. Rigid insulation materials (e.g., PIR or stone wool) are used to achieve the required thermal resistance and prevent condensation formation.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 1992 (Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures) and BS EN 13369 (Common rules for precast concrete products), balcony floor layers must withstand service loads, resist deformation, moisture exposure, and freeze-thaw cycles. Waterproofing membranes and protective coatings are selected based on durability and compatibility with finishing materials.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, materials used (waterproofing, insulation, and finishes) should be non-combustible or of limited combustibility (e.g., A1 or A2-s1,d0), preventing fire spread and ensuring compliance with fire safety requirements for external building elements.

Design life: In accordance with BS EN 1992 and BS EN ISO 15686 (Buildings and constructed assets – Service life planning), the expected service life of a balcony floor construction is at least 30 years, provided it is properly designed, installed, and maintained, including regular inspection of waterproofing and protective coatings.

Testing regime: Testing of balcony floors is carried out according to BS EN 13369 (strength and durability of concrete elements), BS EN 12390 (concrete testing), and BS EN 13501-1 (fire performance of materials). Waterproofing membranes are tested for watertightness and UV resistance, while finishing surfaces are assessed for wear resistance and slip resistance.

M-01-01 Horizontal fire barrier (open)

General Information: A horizontal fire barrier (open type) is a passive fire protection component installed within the cavity of ventilated façade systems. It is designed to restrict the vertical spread of fire and smoke between floors or compartments by sealing the cavity in the event of fire, while allowing ventilation and drainage under normal operating conditions. These barriers are typically installed at floor slab levels, window openings, and other fire-critical junctions.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: While its primary role is fire safety, the barrier can influence the façade's thermal continuity. To avoid cold bridging, it must be integrated without interrupting the insulation layer. This requires accurate detailing and alignment with mineral wool or other insulative materials. Thermal performance should be assessed in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridges) and overall façade U-value calculations as per BS EN ISO 6946. A correctly installed fire barrier should not negatively impact thermal performance.

Technical Considerations: Barriers are typically constructed from non-combustible materials such as rock mineral wool encased in aluminium foil and secured with stainless steel fixings. They must allow unimpeded cavity ventilation under normal conditions and rapidly activate to seal the cavity under fire exposure. Design and installation must comply with BS 9991, BS 9999, and product-specific standards such as BS 476 Parts 20–22 or BS EN 1364-4 / BS EN 1366-4, depending on classification. All installations must follow the system manufacturer’s certified fire detail drawings and be compatible with the cladding system.

Fire Safety Considerations: The fire barrier must achieve a tested fire resistance rating of EI30 or EI60 (depending on project requirements) in accordance with BS EN 13501-2. Fire performance must also be verified as part of the complete façade system per BS 8414, with compliance assessed to BR 135. Materials used in the barrier must meet reaction-to-fire classification A1 or A2-s1,d0 under BS EN 13501-1. Horizontal and vertical cavity barriers are mandatory in high-rise buildings over 18 metres.

Design Life: The expected service life of the fire barrier should match or exceed that of the façade system—minimum 30 years—assuming correct specification and installation. Long-term durability requires non-combustible, corrosion-resistant materials such as stainless steel and stone wool, and adherence to relevant design codes including BS EN 1991 and BS 9999.

Testing Regime: Relevant testing includes:

• BS EN 1364-4 / BS EN 1366-4 / BS 476 Parts 20–22 – Fire resistance performance of cavity barriers

• BS EN 13501-1 – Reaction to fire classification of materials

• BS EN 13501-2 – Fire resistance classification (EI30 / EI60)

• BS 8414 + BR 135 – Full-scale façade fire testing

• Additional product-specific testing under simulated real fire conditions, to confirm cavity sealing behaviour under high temperature and pressure.

M-01-02 Horizontal fire barrier (close)

General information: A horizontal fire barrier (closed) is a fire-resistant barrier installed horizontally within building structures (e.g., between floors or within partitions) to prevent the spread of fire and smoke. It is used in residential, commercial, and public buildings to protect people and property.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 6946 (Thermal performance of building components), horizontal fire barriers can create local thermal bridges. Therefore, their impact on heat loss should be considered during design, and additional insulation should be provided that is compatible with the building’s energy performance requirements.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 1366-4 (Fire resistance tests for service installations – Linear joint seals) and BS EN 1363-1 (Fire resistance tests – General requirements), horizontal fire barriers must possess high strength, dimensional stability, and resistance to mechanical and thermal stresses. Materials should be compatible with the building structure and maintain integrity under fire and smoke conditions.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-2 and BS 476-20/22, horizontal fire barriers are classified by fire resistance and are intended to prevent the spread of fire and smoke for a specified period (e.g., EI 60 or EI 120). Materials used should be non-combustible or of limited combustibility (A1 or A2-s1,d0) to comply with Approved Document B and ensure building safety.

Design life: In accordance with BS EN ISO 15686 (Buildings and constructed assets – Service life planning), the expected service life of a horizontal fire barrier is at least 30 years, provided it is correctly installed, maintained, and periodically inspected for integrity.

Testing regime: Testing of horizontal fire barriers is conducted according to BS EN 1366-4 (fire resistance of linear joints and seals), BS EN 1363-1 (general fire resistance requirements), and BS EN 13501-2 (fire resistance classification). Additional checks are carried out for smoke tightness and performance under high temperatures.

M-01-06 Open State Cassette Infill

General Information: The Open State Cassette Infill is used in ventilated façade systems as a fire protection component with controlled opening. Under normal conditions, it allows ventilation of the cavity behind the cladding, while in the event of fire it expands (intumesces) to block the passage of flames and smoke.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The element must be compatible with the insulation system and not reduce its performance. During normal operation, cavity ventilation helps to remove moisture and maintain the thermal performance of the façade. Under fire conditions, the material must provide thermal insulation and sealing in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.

Technical Considerations: The Open State Cassette Infill must demonstrate stable mechanical properties, durability, and resistance to weathering. A key requirement is that the fire-protective layer expands at high temperatures to completely close the cavity. The material and construction should comply with BS EN 1366 (Fire resistance tests) and BS EN 13162 when used in combination with mineral wool insulation.

Fire Safety Considerations: The element must achieve a reaction to fire classification of at least A2-s1,d0 in accordance with BS EN 13501-1. Its main function in case of fire is to seal the ventilated cavity, limiting the spread of flames, smoke, and hot gases. The effectiveness of the system must be verified through large-scale façade testing to BS 8414 and classified in accordance with BS EN 13501-2.

Design Life: The expected service life of the Open State Cassette Infill is at least 30 years, provided it is correctly installed and protected against moisture and UV exposure, in accordance with BS EN 1366 and manufacturer recommendations.

Testing Regime: The element should be tested for fire resistance to EI criteria in accordance with BS EN 1366-4 (linear joint seals) and BS EN 1366-3 (penetration seals). For façade applications, large-scale testing to BS 8414 is mandatory, followed by classification in accordance with BS EN 13501-2.

M-01-07 Close State Cassette Infill

General Information: The Close State Cassette Infill is used in ventilated façade systems as an infill component to provide fire protection and seal cavities between cladding panels and the supporting structure. It prevents the spread of fire, smoke, and hot gases through the façade.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The element must maintain the thermal integrity of the façade system, minimising heat loss and eliminating thermal bridges. Its design should be compatible with insulation materials and comply with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.

Technical Considerations: The Cassette Infill must provide high strength, dimensional stability, and resistance to deformation under heating. The material should comply with BS EN 1366 (Fire resistance tests for service installations) and BS EN 13162 (Thermal insulation products for buildings – Factory made mineral wool products) when used in combination with insulation. It must be durable and retain performance under exposure to moisture and temperature fluctuations.

Fire Safety Considerations: The Close State Cassette Infill must comply with BS EN 13501-1 (Reaction to fire) and achieve a fire classification of at least A2-s1,d0. The effectiveness of the complete façade system incorporating this component must be verified through testing in accordance with BS EN 13501-2 and large-scale façade tests to BS 8414.

Design Life: The expected service life of the Close State Cassette Infill is at least 30 years under correct installation and maintenance, in accordance with manufacturer recommendations and BS EN 1366.

Testing Regime: The element should be tested for fire resistance to EI criteria (integrity and insulation) in accordance with BS EN 1366-4 (linear joint seals) and BS EN 1366-3 (penetration seals), as well as system-level fire performance tests to BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414.

M-02-01 Vertical cavity closer

General Information: A vertical cavity closer is a passive fire protection element installed within ventilated façade cavities to restrict the vertical spread of fire and smoke. It is typically used at vertical joints, abutments, panel interfaces, and the edges of window and door openings. The closer acts as a fire barrier by sealing the cavity and limiting fire propagation through the façade void.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: While its primary function is fire containment, the cavity closer must be installed to maintain thermal continuity and prevent thermal bridging. It should integrate seamlessly with the insulation layer of the façade system. Materials used—such as foil-faced mineral wool—offer low thermal conductivity. Thermal performance and detailing should be evaluated in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridges) and BS EN ISO 6946 (overall U-value calculations).

Technical Considerations: The closer must be robust, dimensionally stable, and resistant to weathering and mechanical impact throughout its service life. It should form a tight, continuous seal against adjacent cladding components without compromising necessary ventilation clearances, if applicable. Typically constructed from non-combustible mineral wool encased in aluminium foil or galvanised steel. Structural and installation performance must comply with BS EN 1366-4 and BS EN 1090 (execution of steel/aluminium structures).

Fire Safety Considerations: Vertical cavity closers must achieve a fire resistance rating of at least EI30 (EI60 for buildings over 18 metres in height), and all components must meet fire reaction classifications of A1 or A2-s1,d0 under BS EN 13501-1. The closer must effectively limit vertical flame and smoke spread within the façade cavity. Compliance with BS 8414 (full-scale fire testing) and BR 135 (performance assessment) is mandatory, especially in high-rise or high-risk buildings. Closers must be installed in critical areas, including junctions, window openings, and interfaces between façade segments.

Design Life: The expected service life is at least 30 years, provided that the closer is made from durable, non-combustible materials and is installed in accordance with the system manufacturer’s guidance and relevant British Standards, including BS EN 1991 (actions on structures) and BS 9991 (fire safety in residential buildings).

Testing Regime: Vertical cavity closers must undergo the following testing:

• BS EN 1366-4 / BS EN 1363-1 – Fire resistance testing of service installations

• BS EN 13501-1 – Reaction to fire classification (A1 / A2-s1,d0)

• BS EN 13501-2 – Classification based on fire resistance performance (EI30 / EI60)

• BS 8414 + BR 135 – Full-scale fire performance testing of the façade system

• For systems incorporating intumescent components: thermal activation testing to validate expansion behaviour and sealing performance under fire conditions.

M-03-01 Support bracket (fire)

General Information: A fire-rated support bracket is a mounting component designed to secure façade elements while meeting fire safety requirements. It is used to fix cladding systems and fire barriers, ensuring stability and reliability under fire conditions.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Due to the high thermal conductivity of metals, the bracket should minimise thermal bridging. The use of thermal breaks or insulating pads at fixing points is recommended to reduce heat loss. The impact of the bracket on the thermal performance of the façade must be assessed according to BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridges) and BS EN ISO 6946 (overall thermal transmittance).

Technical Considerations: Brackets are typically manufactured from stainless steel or aluminium alloys with high strength and corrosion resistance, compliant with BS EN 1090-1 and BS EN 1993 (steel structures). The design must withstand calculated loads including cladding weight and wind pressure, while accommodating thermal expansion and contraction without compromising structural integrity.

Fire Safety Considerations: Materials used for the bracket must be non-combustible and achieve a minimum reaction to fire classification of A1 under BS EN 13501-1. The bracket must maintain load-bearing capacity for the duration required to support the fire barrier system, in accordance with fire resistance standards such as BS 476 and BS EN 1363.

Design Life: The expected service life is at least 30 years, assuming correct installation and maintenance. Corrosion protection methods, including stainless steel grade selection or protective coatings, extend durability in various environments.

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

• Mechanical strength and tensile testing in accordance with BS EN ISO 6892-1

• Corrosion resistance assessment via salt spray testing per BS EN ISO 9227

• Fire resistance evaluation within the system context according to BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414

N-01-01 Silicone sealant (for external)

General information: Silicone sealant is used for sealing construction joints, connections between façade elements, windows, doors, glazing units, as well as junctions between different materials. It provides water- and air-tightness, accommodates structural movement, and protects against moisture, dust and air infiltration.

Energy / Thermal considerations: Silicone sealants help ensure building envelope airtightness, reducing thermal losses through joints and seams. When combined with thermal insulation materials and proper installation, they contribute to compliance with air- and moisture-tightness requirements in accordance with BS EN 1026 (air permeability) and BS EN ISO 6946 (thermal performance calculation). They also prevent thermal bridging in window and façade details.

Technical considerations: Technical characteristics are regulated by BS EN 15651 (sealants for non-structural applications, including façades, windows and sanitary joints). Silicone sealant must exhibit high elasticity, adhesion to various substrates (glass, metal, PVC, concrete), and resistance to UV radiation and ageing. It should accommodate joint movement of up to ±25% or more, depending on the class. For exterior applications, compliance with movement capability and weather resistance requirements (Type F-EXT-INT according to BS EN 15651-1) is essential.

Fire safety considerations:
Most silicone sealants are classified as combustible (typically Class E or lower per BS EN 13501-1). However, special fire-resistant sealants for fire protection details may achieve classifications up to B-s1,d0 or even EI classes when tested as part of an assembly (per BS EN 1366-4 and BS EN 13501-2). Appropriate sealants must be selected according to project fire resistance requirements.

Design life: The expected service life of silicone sealant ranges from 20 to 30 years depending on environmental conditions, application quality and maintenance of proper temperature/humidity conditions. For exterior applications and movement joints, regular inspection is recommended. Durability is determined based on testing according to BS EN ISO 11600 and BS EN 15651.

Testing regime: Silicone sealants are tested to:

• BS EN ISO 11600 (evaluation of elasticity, adhesion, ageing resistance)

• BS EN 15651 (Parts 1-4: façades, glazing, sanitary applications, pavement joints)

• BS EN 13501-1 or BS EN 1366-4 for fire resistance testing
  Additional tests assess resistance to UV radiation, humidity, extreme temperatures and chemical exposure.

N-03-01 Flush mortar

General information: Flush mortar is used in masonry and rendering works to fill joints between masonry units, with the surface finished flush with the outer face of the wall. This technique provides enhanced moisture protection and improves the aesthetic appearance of the façade.

Energy / Thermal considerations: From a thermal performance perspective, the mortar should exhibit low thermal conductivity within the limits defined by BS EN 1745 to ensure it does not compromise the overall thermal efficiency of the masonry construction.

Technical considerations: Technical requirements relating to composition, compressive strength, adhesion, and water absorption are regulated by BS EN 998-2 (for masonry mortar) and BS EN 1015 (testing methods), depending on the application class (e.g., M5 or M10).

Fire safety considerations: In terms of fire safety, flush mortar is classified as a non-combustible material with an A1 rating in accordance with BS EN 13501-1, confirming its full fire resistance.

Design life: The expected service life of flush mortar is not less than 30 years, provided that installation techniques and operational conditions comply with BS EN 998-2. Testing procedures include assessment of compressive strength, shrinkage, water absorption, and vapour permeability.

Y-01-01 Holes for drainage and ventilation

General Information: Holes for drainage and ventilation are specifically designed openings in façade system components intended to evacuate condensate, rainwater, and to facilitate natural ventilation of the cavity. These openings prevent moisture accumulation within the structure, help maintain an optimal microclimate, and extend the service life of the façade.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Drainage and ventilation holes should be designed to minimise heat loss through the façade and prevent thermal bridging. Their size and location must comply with thermal insulation requirements and relevant standards, including BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridges) and BS EN ISO 6946 (thermal performance of building components), ensuring the building’s energy efficiency is maintained.

Technical Considerations: The holes must be adequately sized and positioned at locations prone to condensate or water accumulation to ensure effective drainage. Surrounding materials should be resistant to moisture and corrosion. Edges of the holes should be protected from damage and clogging by using mesh or filters. The design must allow for easy installation and maintenance access.

Typically, the diameter of circular openings ranges from 6 mm to 10 mm, or they may take the form of continuous slots. The spacing and configuration must provide uninterrupted ventilation, with a recommended minimum open area of 500 mm² per square metre of façade.

Fire Safety Considerations: Drainage and ventilation openings must not facilitate the spread of fire or smoke within the façade cavity. Fire-stopping elements or barriers should be installed in conjunction with these holes, or fire-resistant meshes used to mitigate risks. All materials and solutions must comply with BS EN 13501-1, with a fire resistance rating of at least Class E.

Design Life: The service life of drainage and ventilation holes and associated components aligns with the overall façade system lifespan, typically no less than 30 years, assuming appropriate material selection and regular maintenance. Materials must retain corrosion resistance and mechanical integrity throughout their service life.

Testing Regime: Testing includes corrosion resistance evaluation per BS EN ISO 9227 (salt spray test), laboratory verification of drainage and ventilation efficiency, and fire performance assessment according to BS EN 13501-1 and BS 8414 (where applicable).

Y-01-02 Weep holes

General information: Weep holes are used as drainage openings in external walls, façade systems, and building plinths to discharge accumulated moisture from the wall cavity or behind cladding. They prevent water build-up, thereby ensuring the durability of the structure and reducing the risk of damage caused by moisture and condensation.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 13788 and BS EN ISO 6946, the presence of weep holes contributes to moisture control in multi-layered walls and supports the designed thermal performance of the insulation. Correct placement prevents saturation of the insulation, which directly affects the building’s energy efficiency.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS 8215 (Design and installation of damp-proof courses in masonry construction) and BS EN 1996 (Eurocode 6), weep holes should be spaced at defined intervals (typically 450 mm horizontally) and have minimum dimensions sufficient for effective moisture discharge. Insert materials (plastic or metal) must be resistant to corrosion and weathering. The design should prevent ingress of insects and debris into the wall cavity.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, materials used for weep hole inserts should have a verified reaction-to-fire classification, preferably A1 or A2 for mineral and metallic elements. When plastic inserts are used, their fire classification must comply with the requirements of the designed façade system, and where they pass through fire-resisting zones, they must be installed in accordance with BS EN 1366-3.

Design life: Expected design life: 30 years according to BS 8215, provided that design is correct and materials resistant to UV, moisture, and mechanical impact are used.

Testing regime: According to BS EN 13141-1 (testing of air terminal devices) and BS 8215, weep holes are tested for discharge capacity, resistance to external moisture penetration, and material durability. Additional fire reaction classification is carried out in accordance with BS EN 13501-1

Z-01-01 Concrete slab

General information: Reinforced concrete floor slabs are designed to create load-bearing structures that distribute loads and form horizontal surfaces in buildings and civil engineering structures.

Energy/Thermal considerations: Concrete slabs must account for thermal inertia and comply with energy efficiency requirements in accordance with BS EN ISO 13786. When used in building envelope applications, they must meet thermal transmittance (U-value) requirements as specified in BS EN ISO 6946.

Technical considerations: Slabs must be designed for strength, stiffness and stability in compliance with BS EN 1992-1-1 (Eurocode 2). Reinforcement specifications, thickness and concrete grade are determined by design loads. Permissible deflections and crack resistance are regulated by BS EN 1990 and BS EN 13670.

Fire safety considerations: The fire resistance of concrete slabs must meet Class R (load-bearing capacity) and, where required, Class EI (thermal insulation and integrity) as defined in BS EN 13501-2. Minimum concrete cover thickness for reinforcement is specified in BS EN 1992-1-2.

Design life: The design service life of reinforced concrete slabs is a minimum of 50 years when maintained according to operational requirements and BS EN 1990 (structural reliability) specifications.

Testing regime: Quality control testing includes:

• Compressive strength testing (BS EN 12390-3)

• Freeze-thaw resistance (BS EN 12390-9)

• Water permeability (BS EN 12390-8)

• Reinforcement compliance verification (BS EN 10080)

• Non-destructive testing may also be conducted (BS EN 12504-2)

Z-01-02 Concrete column

General information: A concrete column is used as a vertical load-bearing element of a building, transferring loads from floors and beams to the foundation. Columns provide stiffness and stability to the structure and are widely applied in both civil and industrial construction.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 13788, concrete columns have high thermal conductivity and may act as thermal bridges within the building envelope. To reduce heat loss, the use of thermal insulation materials or thermal break solutions is required at junctions between the column and external envelope elements.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 1992-1-1 (Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures), concrete columns must provide adequate load-bearing capacity under compression, bending, and torsion, as well as ensure crack resistance and stability. The properties of concrete and reinforcement must comply with BS EN 206 (concrete) and BS EN 1992-1-1 (reinforcement). Geometry, reinforcement, and execution class must ensure durability and conformity to the design loads.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-2, concrete columns can provide a fire resistance rating of REI 90–240 depending on their dimensions, concrete class, and reinforcement cover thickness. Under BS EN 13501-1, concrete is classified as a non-combustible material (Class A1), guaranteeing no contribution to fire or smoke production.

Design life: Expected design life: 50–100 years according to BS EN 1992-1-1 and BS EN 206, provided the correct concrete class is selected, reinforcement cover is ensured, and protection against aggressive environments is applied.

Testing regime: According to BS EN 206 and BS EN 1992-1-1, concrete columns are tested for compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, crack resistance, frost resistance, and durability under exposure to aggressive environments. Additional fire resistance testing is carried out in accordance with BS EN 1363-1 and BS EN 13501-2

Z-01-03 Concrete upstand

General information: A concrete upstand is used to create a watertight barrier at roof, terrace, balcony and other construction junctions, preventing water ingress into the building.

Energy/Thermal considerations: The concrete upstand must account for thermal bridging at interfaces with other building elements. Thermal insulation requirements and energy loss minimisation are regulated by BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 14683.

Technical considerations: The structure must possess adequate strength and resistance to mechanical impacts. Upstand height and thickness are determined in accordance with:

• BS 6229 (for flat roofs)

• BS EN 1992-1-1 (for concrete structures)

• Waterproofing must comply with BS EN 14909 or BS 8102.

Fire safety considerations: As a non-combustible element, concrete upstands typically achieve Class A1 per BS EN 13501-1. When combined with other materials (e.g., waterproofing membranes), their fire classification must be considered.

Design life: The expected service life of a concrete upstand is minimum 30 years when properly designed, installed and waterproofed in compliance with BS 7543 (durability of building constructions).

Testing regime: Quality control includes:

• Concrete compressive strength testing (BS EN 12390-3)

• Water permeability testing (BS EN 12390-8)

• Freeze-thaw resistance (BS EN 12390-9)

• Waterproofing material adhesion and elasticity testing (BS EN 14891)