Annotations

A-01-04 Aluminium SG stick curtain wall system

General Information: The Aluminium SG stick curtain wall system is used as an enclosing and decorative structure for the external walls of buildings. It provides natural daylighting and a modern architectural appearance, while also protecting the internal spaces from external environmental impacts.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The system must comply with the thermal performance requirements set out in BS EN 10077 and BS EN 12631, ensuring adequate thermal insulation through the use of thermal breaks and energy-efficient glazing. The thermal transmittance (U-value) must be reduced to meet the energy efficiency regulations for buildings.

Technical Considerations: The construction must comply with the requirements of BS EN 13830, including mechanical strength, resistance to wind loads, watertightness, airtightness, and durability of joints. Permissible tolerances and the properties of aluminium profiles must conform to BS EN 755 and BS EN 573.

Fire Safety Considerations: The materials used in the system must provide the required level of fire safety in accordance with BS EN 13501-1. Aluminium profiles and infill materials are recommended to achieve a reaction to fire class of at least A2-s1,d0, ensuring limited contribution to fire development and low smoke production.

Design Life: The expected service life of the system is at least 30 years, subject to proper operation and maintenance, in accordance with BS EN 13830 and related standards.

Testing Regime: Testing of the curtain wall system must be carried out in accordance with BS EN 13830, including assessments of air permeability, water tightness, resistance to wind loads, and impact resistance. Additional tests may include BS EN 12150 (safety of toughened glass) and BS EN 1279 (durability of insulating glass units).

 

C-01-01 Aluminium support bracket (Aluminium cladding)

General information: The aluminium support bracket is used to fix aluminium cladding panels to façade structures, providing stability and accurate positioning of the cladding elements. It ensures long-term fixation under various loads and weather conditions.

Energy / Thermal considerations:
The element has the high thermal conductivity of aluminium, which must be accounted for regarding expansion and contraction due to temperature changes. The design should minimise thermal bridging, in compliance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN 13947, to maintain thermal efficiency of the façade system.

Technical considerations:
The bracket must withstand static and dynamic loads, including the weight of cladding panels, wind loads, and potential seismic actions, in accordance with BS EN 1999-1-1 (Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures). Only corrosion-resistant aluminium alloys with anodised or powder-coated finishes are permitted to ensure durability.

Fire safety considerations:
Aluminium brackets are non-combustible; however, their use must be compatible with the fire performance of the façade system. Cladding materials should be classified A2-s1,d0 according to BS EN 13501-1 to minimise fire spread and smoke emission.

Design life:
The expected service life of aluminium support brackets is 30 years, according to BS EN 1999-1-1, provided proper installation and operation in line with performance requirements.

Testing regime:
Brackets should be tested for strength and durability, including corrosion resistance (BS EN ISO 9227) and mechanical load testing (BS EN 1990, BS EN 1999-1-1)

 

C-01-02 Aluminium L-profile

General Information: An aluminium L-profile is an angular extrusion commonly used in ventilated façade systems for fixing, aligning, and joining cladding panels, as well as reinforcing corners and edges of the façade structure. It serves as part of the subframe in both external rainscreen systems and internal wall assemblies, providing structural alignment and support.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Due to aluminium’s high thermal conductivity, L-profiles can act as localised thermal bridges. To reduce adverse impacts on the thermal performance of the façade system, thermal isolators or breaks should be used where profiles penetrate or interact with the insulation layer. Thermal impact should be assessed in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridge modelling) and BS EN ISO 6946 (thermal transmittance).

Technical Considerations: The profile should be manufactured from aluminium or aluminium alloys compliant with BS EN 573-3 (chemical composition) and BS EN 755 (mechanical properties and tolerances). It must demonstrate sufficient stiffness and dimensional stability under wind, dead, and service loads. Surface treatment such as anodising or polyester powder coating is recommended for external use in accordance with BS EN 12206, ensuring corrosion resistance and durability.

Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium is classified as non-combustible (Class A1 under BS EN 13501-1). However, it loses mechanical strength at temperatures exceeding 300–400 °C. Therefore, in fire-critical zones or components contributing to fire barriers, its use must be justified through system-level fire testing in accordance with BS 8414 and performance evaluation to BR 135.

Design Life: The expected service life of an aluminium L-profile is at least 30 years, provided proper detailing, installation, and corrosion protection are ensured. Structural design should comply with BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9 – Design of aluminium structures) and manufacturing standards such as BS EN 1090-1 for CE marking and fabrication control.

Testing Regime: Performance testing includes:
– Mechanical strength and deflection resistance per BS EN ISO 6892-1 (tensile properties);
– Corrosion resistance assessment through salt spray testing as per BS EN ISO 9227;
– Fire behaviour assessment as part of the façade system in accordance with BS 8414 and classification per BS EN 13501-1 (Class A1).

 

D-02-01 Stainless steel support bracket, fixed point (Stick curtain wall)

General Information: The Stainless Steel Support Bracket, Fixed Point is used in stick curtain wall systems to transfer vertical and horizontal loads from façade profiles to the building’s structural frame. Fixed points provide rigid anchorage of profiles and resist static loads, including the self-weight of façade elements.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: A stainless steel bracket can create thermal bridges within the façade system. To minimise heat loss, thermal breaks or insulating pads are incorporated at fixing points. Thermal performance requirements are governed by BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.

Technical Considerations: The bracket must provide high strength and rigidity to transfer loads without deformation. It should be designed in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-1 (Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures) and BS EN 1993-1-8 (Design of joints). The material must comply with BS EN 10088 (Stainless steels) and ensure corrosion resistance, particularly in external applications. Installation tolerances and connections must conform to BS EN 13830 (Curtain walling – Product standard).

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is classified as A1 according to BS EN 13501-1 and is non-combustible. Within the façade system, fixed brackets maintain loadbearing capacity under elevated temperatures as defined in BS EN 1993-1-2 (Structural fire design). The overall fire performance of the façade system must be verified in accordance with BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414.

Design Life: The expected service life of the Stainless Steel Support Bracket, Fixed Point is at least 30 years, provided that an appropriate grade of stainless steel (e.g. A4 for external façades) is used and adequate corrosion protection is ensured, in accordance with BS EN 10088 and BS EN 1993.

Testing Regime: The bracket must be tested for loadbearing capacity, joint durability, and corrosion resistance in accordance with BS EN ISO 3506 and BS EN ISO 9227. The curtain wall system must be tested as a complete assembly in line with BS EN 13830 and BS 8414 (Fire performance of external cladding systems).

 

E-03-01 Stainless steel cast-in channel

General information: Stainless steel cast-in channels are used as embedded elements in concrete structures to securely fix façade systems, engineering services, and other building components. Stainless steel channels are embedded in concrete during casting, providing a durable and safe solution for load transfer.

Energy / Thermal considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 10077 and BS EN 1993, stainless steel elements have minimal impact on the thermal performance of the building envelope. Where thermal bridging needs to be minimised, solutions with thermal breaks or composite connections are applied to meet façade energy efficiency requirements.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 1993-1-4 and BS EN 1090, stainless steel channels must provide high load-bearing capacity, corrosion resistance, and fatigue durability. The material complies with BS EN 10088 (stainless steel), and the geometry and welded joints are manufactured in accordance with the execution class requirements of BS EN 1090-2. Special anchors are used to ensure even load distribution and reliable bonding with concrete.

Fire safety considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13501-1, stainless steel is classified as a non-combustible material of class A1, ensuring no flammability or smoke generation. When used as part of façade systems and concrete structures, the channels do not contribute to fire spread and maintain structural integrity under high temperatures within the standard fire resistance period (BS EN 1993-1-2).

Design life: Expected design life: 50 years according to BS EN 1993-1-4. Selecting the appropriate stainless steel grade (e.g., AISI 304 or 316 according to BS EN 10088) ensures a long service life in exterior conditions without significant loss of strength or corrosion resistance.

Testing regime: In accordance with BS EN 1993 and BS EN 1090, the elements are tested for strength, load-bearing capacity, and welded joint durability. Additional tests are conducted for corrosion resistance in accordance with BS EN ISO 9227 (salt spray chamber testing) and for anchor adhesion in concrete in accordance with BS EN 1881.

 

E-03-02 Stainless steel T-bolt (nut+washer)

General information: The stainless steel T-bolt (supplied with nut and washer) is used to fix façade systems, equipment, and structural elements to cast-in channels or other mounting profiles. It provides fast and reliable installation without the need for welding or drilling and is used in construction and mechanical engineering.

Energy / Thermal considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 10077 and BS EN 1993, the T-bolt has minimal impact on the thermal performance of the structures. In façade systems, where thermal bridging needs to be minimised, fixing points can be supplemented with thermal breaks or pads to meet energy efficiency requirements.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 3506 (mechanical properties of stainless steel fasteners), the T-bolt must provide tensile, torsional, and fatigue strength. Thread dimensions and tolerances are manufactured in accordance with BS EN ISO 898 and BS EN ISO 965. Washers and nuts are made in accordance with BS EN ISO 7089/7090 and BS EN ISO 4032, ensuring compatibility and reliability of the threaded connection. The design ensures even load transfer within the “channel–bolt–nut” system.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, stainless steel is classified as A1 (non-combustible), eliminating flammability and smoke emission. Under high temperatures, the load-bearing capacity is maintained up to the design limit according to BS EN 1993-1-2, ensuring reliable fixing performance in fire conditions.

Design life: Expected design life: 50 years according to BS EN ISO 3506 and BS EN 1993-1-4. The use of corrosion-resistant steel grades A2 or A4 according to BS EN 10088 ensures long-term durability even in exterior environments with aggressive conditions.

Testing regime: In accordance with BS EN ISO 3506, mechanical strength and torque tests are conducted. Corrosion resistance is tested in accordance with BS EN ISO 9227 (salt spray). For façade systems, the T-bolt is additionally tested for compliance with channel fixation and load-holding capacity requirements according to BS EN 1090

 

E-04-01 Stainless Steel Bolt (No1 Nut + No2 Washer)

General Information: The stainless steel fastener assembly — comprising a bolt, No1 nut, and No2 washer — is intended for secure joining of structural components subject to high mechanical loads and corrosive environments. It is used in critical connection points where long-term durability and corrosion resistance are essential.

Energy / Thermal Considerations:
Stainless steel fasteners do not act as significant thermal bridges and maintain their mechanical integrity across a broad temperature range (−50°C to +300°C), in accordance with BS EN ISO 3506, which specifies the mechanical properties of stainless steel fasteners.

Technical Considerations: The bolt, nut, and washer must comply with BS EN ISO 3506-1 (mechanical properties and classifications for stainless steel bolts and nuts). Typically, grade A2 or A4 stainless steel is used depending on the environmental exposure — A4 is recommended for external applications or aggressive environments. The strength class should be selected based on the design loading and in compliance with BS EN 1993-1-8 (Eurocode 3: Design of steel connections).

The No2 washer ensures even load distribution and protects the connected surfaces from indentation.

The No1 nut provides secure locking, with torque control to ensure consistent preloading.

Fire Safety Considerations: A2 and A4 grades of stainless steel are non-combustible and achieve Euroclass A1 according to BS EN 13501-1. These fasteners retain their mechanical performance at elevated temperatures, in line with the fire resistance design provisions of BS EN 1993-1-2.

Design Life: The projected service life is not less than 50 years, provided the materials and installation conditions comply with BS EN ISO 12944-2 for corrosion protection, particularly within C4 and C5 corrosivity categories.

Testing Regime: Testing procedures for the stainless steel fastener set shall include:

  • Mechanical testing in accordance with BS EN ISO 898-1

  • Corrosion resistance testing as per BS EN ISO 9227 (salt spray method)

  • Thermal testing in line with BS EN 1363-1 (fire exposure)

  • Dimensional inspection to verify compliance with specified tolerances and relevant standards

 

E-05-01 Stainless steel anchor (bracket to concrete)

General information: The stainless steel anchor (bracket to concrete) is used for secure fixing of building or façade structures to concrete substrates. Anchors transfer loads from the attached elements to the concrete without the need for drilling or additional surface preparation and are used in both civil and industrial construction.

Energy / Thermal considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 10077 and BS EN 1993, stainless steel anchors have minimal impact on the thermal performance of the structure. Where thermal bridging needs to be minimised, thermal break inserts can be used between the anchors and façade panels to maintain building energy efficiency.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 1992-4 and BS EN 1993-1-4, anchors must provide high load-bearing capacity, fatigue resistance, and vibration durability. The material complies with BS EN 10088 (stainless steel), and dimensions, tolerances, and threaded connections are manufactured in accordance with BS EN ISO 898 and BS EN ISO 965. The anchor design ensures even load distribution onto the concrete substrate and reliable engagement with the fixing element.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, stainless steel is classified as an A1 material (non-combustible), preventing fire and smoke generation. Anchors maintain strength and stability under high temperatures for the standard fire resistance duration of the concrete structure in accordance with BS EN 1992-1-2 and BS EN 1993-1-2.

Design life: Expected design life: 50 years according to BS EN 1992-4 and BS EN 1993-1-4. The use of stainless steel grades A2 or A4 according to BS EN 10088 ensures long-term durability of anchors in exterior conditions and aggressive environments without significant corrosion.

Testing regime: In accordance with BS EN 1992-4 and BS EN 1993-1-4, anchors are tested for tensile, shear, and fatigue strength. Additional tests include corrosion resistance in accordance with BS EN ISO 9227 (salt spray) and verification of reliable anchor fixation in concrete substrates according to BS EN 1881

 

E-06-01 Stainless steel screw (bracket to LSF)

General information: The stainless steel screw (bracket to LSF) is used for fixing brackets and other elements to Light Steel Frames (LSF). It provides a secure connection without the need for welding and allows rapid installation of façade systems and engineering components.

Energy / Thermal considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 10077 and BS EN 1993, stainless steel screws have minimal impact on the thermal performance of the frame. Where thermal bridging needs to be minimised, the fixing assemblies can be supplemented with thermal break or insulating pads to maintain the building’s energy efficiency.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 3506, the screw must provide the required tensile, torsional, and fatigue strength. Threading and dimensions are manufactured in accordance with BS EN ISO 898 and BS EN ISO 965. The screw, washer, and nut (if used) comply with BS EN 10088, ensuring durability of the connection and corrosion resistance. The design allows for even load transfer from the bracket to the frame without causing deformations.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, stainless steel is classified as A1 (non-combustible), preventing fire and smoke generation. The screw retains its strength under high temperatures for the standard fire resistance duration of the steel frame in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-2.

Design life: Expected design life: 50 years according to BS EN ISO 3506 and BS EN 1993-1-4. The use of stainless steel grades A2 or A4 according to BS EN 10088 ensures long-term durability of the fixings even in exterior conditions and high humidity environments.

Testing regime: In accordance with BS EN ISO 3506 and BS EN 1993-1-4, screws are tested for mechanical strength, torque, and fatigue resistance. Corrosion resistance tests are carried out in accordance with BS EN ISO 9227 (salt spray). For LSF systems, the screw’s holding capacity in thin-walled steel profiles is also verified

 

F-03-01 Stainless steel screw (rail to bracket)

General Information: A stainless steel screw (rail to bracket) is a fastener specifically designed to securely fix a support rail to a bracket within ventilated façade systems. It provides structural integrity and stability, while offering resistance to environmental influences such as moisture and temperature fluctuations.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Although the screw itself is not a thermal element, it may contribute to localised thermal bridging. To minimise heat loss, thermal break pads or isolators should be used between the bracket and the supporting structure. The thermal performance of the assembly should be assessed in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridge modelling) and BS EN ISO 6946 (thermal transmittance calculations).

Technical Considerations: The screw must meet requirements for mechanical strength, pull-out resistance, and corrosion resistance. Stainless steel used should conform to BS EN 10088 (commonly A2 or A4 grades in accordance with ISO 3506). Installation must be torque-controlled to prevent deformation of the rail and to ensure a secure, long-lasting connection. Additional structural requirements are governed by BS EN 1993 (Eurocode 3) and BS EN 1090-1 (CE marking for structural components).

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is a non-combustible material and is classified as Class A1 under BS EN 13501-1. In the event of fire, the screw must maintain its mechanical performance, especially in applications involving fire-resistant façade assemblies. Its use is permitted in fire barrier systems and critical fixings, provided its temperature resistance is verified.

Design Life: The expected service life of the screw is at least 30 years, assuming the use of A4-grade stainless steel and proper installation in line with BS EN ISO 9223 (corrosivity categories) and BS EN 1991 (actions on structures). Correct specification ensures long-term durability under varying climatic conditions.

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

  • Tensile and shear strength verification to BS EN ISO 898-1 and ISO 3506;

  • Corrosion resistance via salt spray testing per BS EN ISO 9227;

  • Fire performance assessment as part of a full façade assembly in accordance with BS 8414 and BR 135 (if applicable);

  • Confirmation of non-combustibility to BS EN 13501-1 (Class A1).

 

F-03-02 Stainless steel screw (panel to rail)

General Information: The Stainless Steel Screw (Panel to Rail) is used for fixing cladding panels to rails in ventilated façade systems. It ensures a strong and durable connection between the cladding and the substructure, providing stability against service and wind loads.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Due to the high thermal conductivity of stainless steel, screws may create localised thermal bridges. To reduce heat loss, thermal breaks or insulating pads are recommended at fixing points. Thermal performance and thermal bridge assessment are governed by BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.

Technical Considerations: The screws must provide high resistance to shear, pull-out, and fatigue loads. Fasteners must comply with BS EN ISO 3506 (Corrosion-resistant stainless steel fasteners) and BS EN 14592 (Mechanical fasteners for timber constructions — applicable in hybrid systems). Stainless steel grades A2 or A4 should be selected depending on the exposure conditions. Connections must be designed in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-8 (Eurocode 3: Design of joints).

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1 and is non-combustible. Within façade systems, screws maintain loadbearing capacity up to temperature limits defined in BS EN 1993-1-2 (Structural fire design). The overall fire performance of the façade system must be verified according to BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414.

Design Life: The expected service life of the Stainless Steel Screw (Panel to Rail) is at least 30 years, provided that corrosion-resistant stainless steel grades (e.g. A4 for external façades in aggressive environments) are used and connections are properly designed.

Testing Regime: Screws must undergo testing for mechanical strength (BS EN ISO 3506), joint durability, and corrosion resistance (BS EN ISO 9227). Ventilated façade systems, including fixings, must be tested as complete assemblies in accordance with BS EN 13830 and BS 8414.

 

F-05-01 Frame anchor (fire)

General Information: The fire-resistant frame anchor is designed for the secure fixing of metal or façade frames into building structures while meeting fire safety requirements. It ensures stability and preserves the integrity of cladding and structural elements when exposed to high temperatures.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Anchors must withstand elevated thermal loads without loss of strength, in compliance with the fire resistance standards BS EN 1363 and BS EN 1364. These standards ensure the anchor’s performance under fire conditions, preserving its mechanical function during thermal exposure.

Technical Considerations: Specifications are defined by BS EN 845-1 and BS EN 1993 (Eurocode 3), covering aspects such as load-bearing capacity, corrosion resistance, and resistance to mechanical stresses. The anchor must demonstrate reliable performance under both static and dynamic loads.

Fire Safety Considerations: Anchors must achieve a fire resistance classification of EI30, EI60, or higher according to BS EN 13501-2, ensuring that the fixing system maintains its load-bearing and integrity functions for the specified fire exposure period.

Design Life: The expected service life of the anchor is at least 30 years, as per BS EN 845-1, assuming correct installation and routine maintenance in accordance with the manufacturer’s guidelines.

Testing Regime: Testing includes fire resistance evaluation, shear strength testing, and corrosion resistance under simulated environmental conditions to ensure compliance with safety and durability requirements.

 

F-06-01 Stainless steel anchor (Anchor with plastic plug)

General Information: The stainless steel anchor with a plastic plug is used to fix suspended and window structures, façade systems, and building services equipment to load-bearing substrates made of concrete, brick, or stone. The plastic sleeve distributes the load and prevents direct contact between the steel and the substrate.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN 10077, the use of anchors with plastic plugs helps reduce the risk of thermal bridging. Stainless steel combined with plastic insulation provides an optimal balance between load-bearing capacity and maintaining the designed thermal performance of the building envelope.

Technical Considerations: The anchor must comply with BS EN 1992-4 (Eurocode — design of fastenings in concrete) and BS EN 1090 (steel structures). The stainless steel must meet the requirements of BS EN ISO 3506 and BS EN 10088 for mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The plastic plug must conform to BS EN ISO 15493 (plastics for building applications). The design must ensure high load-bearing capacity, resistance to fatigue loads, and long-term durability in service.

Fire Safety Considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, stainless steel is classified as A1 (non-combustible), while the plastic component of the anchor must achieve a fire classification of at least E; for external façade systems, materials of class B-s1,d0 are recommended to ensure limited contribution to fire development and low smoke production.

Design Life: The expected service life of the anchor with plastic plug is at least 30 years, provided the correct stainless steel grade is selected (BS EN 10088), the plastic component is certified, and installation is carried out in accordance with BS EN 1992-4.

Testing Regime: Testing must be carried out in accordance with BS EN 1881 and BS EN 1992-4 to verify load-bearing capacity in concrete, and BS EN ISO 3506 to confirm the properties of stainless steel. Additional durability tests for plastic components may be carried out in accordance with BS EN ISO 604 (mechanical properties of plastics under load).

 

G-01-01 Lightweight Steel Frame System

General Information: The LSFS – Lightweight Steel Frame System is used for load-bearing and enclosing structures in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. It provides high strength-to-weight ratio, rapid installation, and design flexibility.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The system shall minimise thermal bridges in compliance with BS EN ISO 10211. Additional thermal insulation materials shall be applied to meet energy efficiency standards (BS EN ISO 6946).

Technical Considerations: The structure shall conform to strength and stability requirements as per BS EN 1993-1-3 (Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures). Geometric and installation tolerances shall comply with BS EN 1090-2 (Execution Standards for Steel Structures).

Fire Safety Considerations: Depending on application, the system shall provide fire resistance in accordance with BS EN 13501-2. Cladding with non-combustible materials (Class A1/A2-s1,d0 per BS EN 13501-1) or application of fire-protective coatings may be utilised.

Design Life: The design service life shall be no less than 50 years, subject to compliance with corrosion protection (BS EN ISO 12944) and maintenance requirements (BS EN 1990).

Testing Regime:

Testing shall include load-bearing capacity verification (BS EN 1993-1-3), corrosion resistance (BS EN ISO 9227), and fire resistance (BS EN 1363-1).

 

G-02-01 Weather seal membrane

General Information: The weather seal membrane is a waterproof and airtight layer used in façade and window systems to protect joints and interfaces from moisture, air, and dust ingress. It is typically applied between structural components of the building envelope (e.g. between the window frame and the wall) to provide long-lasting airtight and watertight sealing.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The membrane contributes to the required levels of air and vapour tightness in façade systems, enhancing the building's overall energy performance by reducing infiltration-related heat loss. It must comply with BS EN 12114 (air permeability of building joints) and BS EN 13984 (vapour control layers), ensuring compatibility with the insulation system and maintaining overall airtightness. Effective vapour control and sealing are essential to meeting the thermal performance criteria outlined in BS EN ISO 6946.

Technical Considerations: The membrane must exhibit high elasticity, durability, water resistance, and the ability to maintain its mechanical integrity under joint movement and deformation. In accordance with BS EN 13984 and BS EN 13859-2 (waterproofing membranes for walls and roofs), the membrane must be resistant to UV radiation, weathering, and temperature fluctuations. Compatibility with commonly used adhesives and sealants in façade assemblies is also essential.

Fire Safety Considerations: Weather seal membranes are typically classified as Class E under BS EN 13501-1. Their use is generally permitted in buildings under 18 metres in height, in line with current façade fire safety guidance and regulations. For buildings exceeding this height, membranes with a higher fire resistance classification are required.

Design Life: The expected service life of the membrane is approximately 25–30 years, provided it is correctly installed and protected from mechanical damage and prolonged UV exposure. Long-term durability and performance are supported by accelerated ageing and climate resistance testing as per BS EN 1296 and BS EN 13859-2.

Testing Regime: The membrane should be tested in accordance with the following standards:

  • BS EN 13859-2 – mechanical strength and water resistance;

  • BS EN 1928 – watertightness testing;

  • BS EN 12114 – air permeability performance;

  • BS EN 1296 – artificial ageing;

  • BS EN 13501-1 – fire classification (typically Class E).

 

G-02-02 Breather membrane

General information: The breather membrane is used as a water- and wind-resistant layer in building envelope constructions, particularly behind cladding façade systems and roofs. The membrane prevents moisture ingress from outside while allowing water vapour to escape from within the structure, preventing condensation and enhancing the durability of insulation.

Energy / Thermal considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13859-2 (walls) and BS EN 13859-1 (roofs), the membrane must have high vapour permeability and low thermal conductivity, helping to maintain the effectiveness of the insulation layer. Its use minimises heat loss by protecting insulation from moisture and draughts, in accordance with BS EN ISO 13788 for moisture control and condensation management.

Technical considerations: According to BS EN 13859, the membrane must be UV-resistant for the declared installation period, retain mechanical strength under tension and puncture, and withstand weathering. The membrane construction must resist wind loads and remain stable under temperature fluctuations. Installation should follow manufacturer guidelines for joint sealing and lap overlaps.

Fire safety considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13501-1, the membrane should have a verified reaction-to-fire classification, e.g., B-s1,d0 or higher, limiting flame spread and smoke production. When designing façades, the membrane is selected to meet the fire performance requirements of the system, taking into account BS EN 13501-2 for construction elements.

Design life: Expected design life: 30 years according to BS EN 13859, provided proper installation, protection from direct UV exposure after cladding installation, and adherence to operational requirements.

Testing regime: In accordance with BS EN 13859, the membrane is tested for water resistance, vapour permeability (Sd-value), tensile and tear strength, resistance to temperature variations, and ageing. Additionally, it is classified for fire performance according to BS EN 13501-1

 

G-02-03 Vapour control layer (VCL)

General information: The vapour control layer (VCL) is used in building envelope constructions to restrict the diffusion of water vapour from interior spaces into insulation. It is applied in façade and roof systems, preventing condensation within the construction and ensuring the durability of thermal insulation and structural elements.

Energy / Thermal considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 13788 and BS EN 13984, the VCL must have low vapour permeability (high Sd-value), preventing moisture from reaching the insulation. Controlling the moisture regime helps maintain the design thermal performance of the insulation and prevents a reduction in the efficiency of the thermal layer.

Technical considerations: According to BS EN 13984, the VCL must provide mechanical strength, resistance to puncture and tear, and ensure airtightness at joints and connections. Installation requires proper sealing of overlaps and the use of specialised tapes to maintain a continuous vapour barrier. The material must remain stable across the operating temperature range and be compatible with other building materials.

Fire safety considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13501-1, the VCL must have a verified reaction-to-fire classification (e.g., B-s1,d0 or higher), limiting flame spread and smoke generation. In façade and roof systems, the layer is selected to meet the fire performance requirements of the entire assembly in accordance with BS EN 13501-2.

Design life: Expected design life: 30 years according to BS EN 13984, provided correct installation and protection from mechanical damage during construction and operation.

Testing regime: In accordance with BS EN 13984, the VCL is tested for water vapour permeability (Sd-value), tensile and tear strength, and resistance to ageing and temperature effects. Additionally, the material is classified for reaction to fire according to BS EN 13501-1

 

G-03-01 Non-combustible sheathing board (for LSFS)

General Information: The non-combustible cladding panel (for LSFS) serves as a protective and structural layer in Lightweight steel frame systems (LSFS), providing fire resistance, mechanical stability, and additional thermal insulation.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The panel shall comply with thermal conductivity and energy efficiency requirements per BS EN ISO 6946. It may be used in conjunction with insulation materials to enhance the thermal performance of building envelopes.

Technical Considerations: The material shall possess high compressive strength and deformation resistance, conforming to BS EN 13950 (gypsum-based boards) or BS EN 15283 (cement/fibre-based boards). Permissible geometric and flatness tolerances shall be regulated by BS EN 520.

Fire Safety Considerations: The panel shall be classified as non-combustible (A1 or A2-s1,d0 per BS EN 13501-1) and provide fire resistance in accordance with BS EN 1364-1 (fire resistance testing for non-load-bearing elements).

Design Life: The expected service life shall be no less than 30 years, subject to proper installation and maintenance conditions.

Testing Regime: Testing shall include:

  • Fire resistance (BS EN 1364-1)

  • Mechanical strength (BS EN 520)

  • Moisture and frost resistance (where applicable) as per relevant standards.

 

G-04-01 Mineral wool insulation (for external application) (k ≤ 0.035 W/mK)

General Information: Mineral wool insulation (for wall) is used in external and internal building envelopes to provide thermal, acoustic and fire insulation. Installed in multi-layer walls, façade systems or framed partitions as a non-combustible insulation material.

Energy/Thermal Considerations: Mineral wool features low thermal conductivity (λ ≈ 0.032-0.040 W/m·K), complying with BS EN 13162 - the standard for thermal insulation products for buildings. It effectively reduces heat loss and helps building envelopes meet energy efficiency requirements (e.g. BS EN ISO 6946). Insulation thickness is selected based on required U-value.

Technical Considerations: According to BS EN 13162, mineral wool must maintain dimensional stability, moisture resistance, compressive strength (when used in rainscreen systems), and long-term durability. The material must retain its insulating properties under humid conditions. For walls, compliance with strength classes and dimensional stability under temperature fluctuations is essential. Capillary activity and water vapour diffusion resistance (µ-factor) are also considered.

Fire Safety Considerations: Mineral wool is a non-combustible material typically classified as A1 per BS EN 13501-1 - it doesn't support combustion, emit toxic gases or produce flaming droplets. Used as a component in fire protection systems for façades, partitions and fire compartments. When used in external insulation systems (e.g. ventilated façades), it ensures structural fire safety.

Design Life: The expected service life of mineral wool is minimum 30 years per BS EN 13162, provided proper installation, moisture protection and avoidance of mechanical damage.

Testing Regime: Testing is conducted according to BS EN 13162 and BS EN 1602-1609, including determination of thermal conductivity, water absorption, compressive strength, ageing resistance and dimensional stability. Fire performance is verified per BS EN 13501-1.

 

G-04-02 Mineral wool insulation (to void between LSFS studs) (k ≤ 0.038 W/mK)

General Information: Mineral wool insulation (for LSF) is a mineral fibre insulation material used in light steel framing (LSF) constructions. It provides thermal and acoustic insulation for external and internal walls, floors, partitions, and roofing systems. Installed between steel studs, it ensures the required thermal and acoustic performance of building envelopes.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Mineral wool has low thermal conductivity (λ ≈ 0.032–0.040 W/m·K), complying with BS EN ISO 10456 and BS EN 13162 (thermal insulation products - mineral wool products). In LSF systems, its use improves thermal resistance (R-value) and reduces heat loss through walls and roofs. The insulation must retain its thermal performance over its service life, including resistance to slumping and sagging. Thermal efficiency calculations follow BS EN ISO 6946 (thermal performance of building components) and BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridges).

Technical Considerations: Mineral wool for framed systems must exhibit sufficient rigidity, dimensional stability, water repellence, and vapour permeability. Per BS EN 13162, it must be classified by:

  • Density

  • Compressive/tensile strength

  • Fibre length

  • Other mechanical properties

Additionally, resistance to vibration and vertical structural loads must be considered.

Fire Safety Considerations: Mineral wool is classified as a non-combustible material (A1 per BS EN 13501-1), meaning it does not contribute to fire, smoke, or flaming droplets. This makes it highly effective in LSF walls, where fire resistance (BS EN 1364-1 – non-load-bearing walls) is required. When combined with appropriate cladding, it can achieve EI 30–120 fire resistance ratings.

Design Life: The expected service life is minimum 50 years (BS EN 13162), provided the insulation is:

  • Protected from moisture ingress

  • Not mechanically damaged

  • Properly installed to prevent settling in vertical applications

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

  • BS EN 13162 (product characteristics)

  • BS EN 1604 (dimensional stability & shrinkage resistance)

  • BS EN 1607 (tensile strength)

  • BS EN 12667 (thermal conductivity)

  • BS EN ISO 1182 & BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire)

  • Full LSF system fire testing (BS EN 1364-1) may also be required.

H-02-01 Double glazed unit (DGU-1)

General Information: A double glazed unit (DGU) is used in window, door, and façade systems to provide thermal and acoustic insulation. It consists of two glass panes separated by a spacer frame with a hermetically sealed cavity, which may be filled with air or an inert gas (e.g., argon). DGUs are employed in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings to enhance energy efficiency and comfort.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: According to BS EN 1279 (standards for insulating glass units), a double glazed unit must achieve a low thermal transmittance (U-value), particularly when using low-emissivity coatings (Low-E) and gas filling. This ensures compliance with building energy efficiency requirements, as specified in BS EN ISO 10077-1 and BS EN ISO 10456. The use of inert gases and warm-edge spacer bars further reduces heat loss and the risk of condensation.

Technical Considerations: Technical requirements for double glazed units are defined by BS EN 1279 (Parts 1–6), covering durability, airtightness, moisture absorption, optical properties, and thickness tolerances. Additional parameters include sound insulation, wind load resistance, and impact resistance (where required). Compatibility with window or façade systems must be ensured in accordance with BS EN 14351-1 (windows and external pedestrian doors).

Fire Safety Considerations: Standard double glazed units made from tempered or float glass are not fire-resistant, though they may be used in non-fire-rated barriers. Their behaviour in fire depends on the glass type: standard glass is not classified under BS EN 13501-1, but tempered or laminated glass may meet certain safe breakage requirements. If the glazed unit is part of a fire-rated system, specialist fire-resistant glass certified to BS EN 14449 and BS EN 13501-2 must be used.

Design Life The expected service life of a double glazed unit is at least 25–30 years, assuming proper installation and sealing quality, as per BS EN 1279-2 and -3.

Testing Regime: Testing includes assessments for:

  • Airtightness (BS EN 1279-2)

  • Moisture absorption (BS EN 1279-3)

  • Thermal transmittance (BS EN 674)

  • Light transmittance (BS EN 410)

  • Sound insulation (BS EN ISO 10140)

  • Resistance to climatic cycling and ageing

  • Full-scale testing of glazed units within window systems is conducted under BS EN 14351-1.

H-04-01 Aluminium spandrel panel (ASP-1)

General information: Aluminium spandrel panels are used to cover floor slabs in façade systems, as well as for decorative purposes and to provide enclosure. The panels are installed in the zones between window openings and are non-transparent elements, ensuring architectural expression and protecting internal structures from weather exposure.

Energy / Thermal considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 (Thermal performance of building components) and BS EN ISO 10077 (Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters), aluminium spandrel panels must incorporate an insulating layer or suitable backing to eliminate thermal bridging and achieve the required thermal resistance. The panel design must maintain the energy efficiency of the building envelope and prevent condensation.

Technical considerations: According to BS EN 485 and BS EN 573 (Aluminium and aluminium alloys), panels must be manufactured from alloys with adequate strength, corrosion resistance and dimensional stability. Mechanical reliability, weathertightness and durability requirements for façade assemblies are defined in BS EN 13830 (Curtain walling – Product standard). The panel must be compatible with the supporting façade system and capable of withstanding wind loads and service loads.

Fire safety considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13501-1, aluminium is classified as a non-combustible material (Class A1). However, the construction of spandrel panels includes insulation and facing layers, which must comply with the requirements of Approved Document B. To ensure fire safety, non-combustible insulation materials (e.g. mineral wool classified as A1 or A2-s1,d0) and non-combustible facing materials must be used within the panel assembly, in line with BS EN 1364 (Fire resistance tests for non-loadbearing elements).

Design life: In accordance with BS EN 13830 and BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures), the expected service life of aluminium spandrel panels is at least 30 years, provided correct design, installation and corrosion protection are ensured.

Testing regime: Testing of aluminium spandrel panels is carried out in accordance with BS EN 13830 (mechanical performance, air permeability, watertightness), BS EN 13501-1 (fire performance classification), and BS EN ISO 10077 (thermal performance). Additional corrosion resistance tests may be carried out in accordance with BS EN ISO 9227 (salt spray test)

 

I-01-01 Aluminium panel

General Information: Aluminium panels are thin-gauge cladding elements used in ventilated façade systems for both decorative and protective purposes. Installed using either visible or concealed fixings, they form part of the building envelope, shielding the structure from environmental exposure while contributing to modern architectural aesthetics.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Due to their high thermal conductivity, aluminium panels do not serve as insulation. However, as external components of a ventilated façade system, they are critical in protecting underlying thermal insulation from wind and moisture ingress. Thermal performance calculations must be carried out in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211, with particular attention paid to thermal bridging around fixings. Adequate rear ventilation behind the panel is essential to allow moisture drainage and pressure equalisation.

Technical Considerations: Aluminium panels must be resistant to deformation, vibration, corrosion, and thermal cycling. Base materials should comply with BS EN 485 (rolled aluminium products), BS EN 573-3 and BS EN 515 (alloy and mechanical property specifications). Panel thickness and type (e.g. solid aluminium or aluminium composite) are selected based on wind load analysis per BS EN 1991-1-4 and material rigidity. Aesthetic and functional considerations include UV resistance, colour stability, and abrasion resistance of coatings.

Fire Safety Considerations: Fire performance depends on the panel type. Solid aluminium panels are typically non-combustible and may be classified as Class A1 per BS EN 13501-1. Aluminium composite panels (ACP) must have non-combustible cores (e.g. mineral-filled) to be used on buildings over 18 metres in height, achieving at least Class A2-s1,d0. The use of combustible cores (e.g. polyethylene) in high-rise or critical buildings is prohibited. All cladding products should be installed as part of façade systems tested to BS 8414 and assessed in accordance with BR 135.

Design Life: Aluminium panels have an expected service life of 30 years or more, subject to the quality of the coating and environmental conditions. Coating performance in terms of UV durability, pollution resistance and corrosion protection must meet BS EN 12206 (coated aluminium products). In coastal or industrial environments, additional protective measures or corrosion-resistant aluminium grades are recommended.

Testing Regime: Applicable testing standards include:

  • BS EN 13501-1 – Fire classification (A1 or A2-s1,d0)

  • BS EN 485 / BS EN ISO 6892-1 – Mechanical properties of aluminium sheet

  • BS EN 12206 – Coating quality and weathering resistance

  • BS EN ISO 9227 – Salt spray (neutral) testing for corrosion resistance

  • BS 8414 and BR 135 – Full-scale fire performance as part of cladding system

 

J-05-01 Aluminium sheet (t-2mm)

General Information: Aluminium Sheet with a thickness of 2 mm is used in construction for façade cladding, ventilated systems, and as part of substructures. It is characterised by low weight, corrosion resistance, and high workability during fabrication and installation.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Aluminium has high thermal conductivity and does not provide insulation. When applied in façade systems, it must be combined with thermal insulation materials. The influence of thermal bridges and the coefficient of linear thermal expansion must be taken into account, in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.

Technical Considerations: Aluminium sheet (2 mm thick) must comply with BS EN 485 (Aluminium and aluminium alloys – Sheet, strip and plate) and BS EN 573 (Chemical composition and form of wrought aluminium alloys). Strength and durability are ensured through alloys defined in BS EN 485-2. When designing façades with aluminium sheets, BS EN 1999-1-1 (Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures) must be followed. For corrosion protection, anodising (BS EN 12373) or powder coating (BS EN 12206) is applied.

Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium is classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1 and is non-combustible. In façade systems, it does not contribute to fire spread. The fire performance of the complete system must be verified through testing in accordance with BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414.

Design Life: The expected service life of Aluminium Sheet (t = 2 mm) is at least 30 years when suitable protective finishes are applied and correct design principles are followed, in accordance with BS EN 1999-1-1 and BS EN 485.

Testing Regime: Sheets must undergo testing for mechanical properties (strength, stiffness, impact resistance) in accordance with BS EN 485-2, as well as corrosion resistance testing under BS EN ISO 9227. Within façade systems, aluminium panels must be fire tested in accordance with BS EN 13501-1/2 and BS 8414.

 

J-06-01 Steel flushing (t-2mm)

General Information: Steel Flashing with a thickness of 2 mm is used in construction to seal and protect joints between façade elements, roofing, and walls from moisture ingress and weather exposure. It provides durability of the structure and a neat visual finish at connection details.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Steel has high thermal conductivity; therefore, junction elements may create local thermal bridges. To minimise heat loss, thermal breaks and insulating pads are recommended. Thermal performance requirements are defined in BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.

Technical Considerations: The steel sheet must provide high strength and stiffness at a small thickness to ensure reliability in façade and roofing details. The material must comply with BS EN 10025 (Hot rolled products of structural steels) or BS EN 10346 (Continuously hot-dip coated steel flat products), depending on surface treatment. Corrosion protection is achieved through galvanisation (BS EN 10346), powder coating (BS EN 12206), or the use of stainless steel (BS EN 10088).

Fire Safety Considerations: Steel is classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1 and is non-combustible. Flashing does not contribute to fire spread. The fire resistance of the complete system must be verified through testing in accordance with BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414.

Design Life: The expected service life of Steel Flashing (t = 2 mm) is at least 30 years when appropriate protective coatings (galvanisation, powder coating, or stainless steel) are applied and connection details are correctly designed, in accordance with BS EN 1993 (Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures).

Testing Regime: The element must be tested for mechanical strength and corrosion resistance (BS EN ISO 9227), as well as compatibility of protective coatings. Within façade or roofing systems, joint watertightness and fire resistance must be verified through testing in accordance with BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414.

 

K-01-05 Aluminium insert profile

General Information: The Aluminium Insert Profile is used in façade and interior systems as a connecting or decorative element, as well as to provide rigidity and precise alignment of cladding panels. It is applied in ventilated façades, window systems, and partition structures.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Aluminium has high thermal conductivity and may contribute to the formation of thermal bridges. To reduce heat losses, the profile should be combined with thermal breaks or insulating inserts. Thermal performance and the consideration of thermal bridges must comply with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.

Technical Considerations: The profile must ensure dimensional stability, compatibility with other system components, and long-term durability. The material must comply with BS EN 755 (Aluminium and aluminium alloys – Extruded rod/bar, tube and profiles) and BS EN 573 (Chemical composition of aluminium alloys). Structural performance must be designed in accordance with BS EN 1999-1-1 (Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures). Surface protection is provided by anodising (BS EN 12373) or powder coating (BS EN 12206).

Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium is classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1 and is non-combustible. Within façade systems, it does not contribute to the spread of fire. Fire safety of the complete assembly must be verified through system testing in accordance with BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414.

Design Life: The expected service life of the Aluminium Insert Profile is at least 30 years, provided a suitable alloy and protective finishes are used, in accordance with BS EN 1999-1-1 and BS EN 755.

Testing Regime: The profile must undergo testing for mechanical strength, dimensional accuracy, and corrosion resistance in accordance with BS EN 755-2 and BS EN ISO 9227. Within façade systems, its durability and fire performance must be verified through system testing to BS EN 13501-1/2 and BS 8414

 

L-01-01 Internal wall finish

General information: Internal wall finish is applied to provide interior surfaces with the required functional and decorative properties. Depending on the design specification, this may include plaster, plasterboard sheets, cladding panels, or paint. Internal finishes ensure surface smoothness, substrate protection, and an aesthetically pleasing interior appearance.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 13788 and BS EN ISO 6946, internal finishes influence the vapour permeability of the building envelope and, to a lesser extent, the thermal performance of the wall. When used as part of insulated wall systems, consideration must be given to the finish’s ability to regulate moisture conditions, preventing condensation and maintaining the calculated thermal resistance.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13914 (plastering), BS EN 520 (plasterboards), and BS EN 15102 (wallcoverings and panels), internal finishes must provide adequate adhesion to the substrate, resistance to mechanical damage, abrasion resistance, and hygienic performance. Installation should comply with relevant standards, ensuring quality control of joints and surface flatness.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, finishing materials are classified by reaction to fire. Mineral plasters and plasterboards are generally classified as A1 or A2 (non-combustible), whereas decorative coatings (paints, panels) may fall into lower classes such as B or C. Design must also consider BS EN 13501-2 requirements to achieve the necessary fire resistance of the wall system as a whole.

Design life: Expected design life: 20–30 years according to BS EN 13914 and BS EN 520, provided correct installation and regular maintenance are carried out. Service life depends on the type of finish, operating conditions, and the intensity of mechanical impact.

Testing regime: According to BS EN 520 and BS EN 15102, finishes are tested for flexural strength (for sheet materials), adhesion to substrate, abrasion resistance, and resistance to moisture and temperature variations. Additional classification is carried out for reaction to fire in accordance with BS EN 13501-1.

 

L-01-02 Floor build up(internal)

General information: Internal floor build-up represents the structural layers of a floor within a building, including the substrate, insulation, leveling, and finishing layers. It provides strength, durability, sound and thermal insulation, and serves as a base for floor coverings in residential and commercial spaces.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 6946 (Thermal performance of building components) and BS EN ISO 10211 (Thermal bridges in building construction), the internal floor “sandwich” must minimise heat loss and thermal bridging. Insulation materials used (mineral wool, expanded polystyrene, PIR, etc.) are selected to achieve regulatory thermal resistance and maintain the energy efficiency of the space.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 1264 (Heating systems in buildings – Embedded water heating systems) and BS EN 13813 (Screed material and floor screeds – Properties and requirements), the floor construction must be designed for operational loads, durability, and compatibility with building services (e.g., underfloor heating). Materials should provide sufficient strength, moisture resistance, minimal deformation, and stability against shrinkage.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, floor materials are classified by reaction to fire. Insulation and floor layers must demonstrate appropriate non-combustibility or limited combustibility (e.g., A1 or A2-s1,d0) to ensure occupant safety and prevent fire spread through internal floor structures.

Design life: In accordance with BS EN 13813 and BS EN ISO 15686 (Buildings and constructed assets – Service life planning), the expected service life of an internal floor is at least 30 years when properly designed, installed, and maintained, including timely servicing and moisture protection.

Testing regime: Testing of internal floor build-ups is carried out according to BS EN 13813 (strength and wear resistance of screed), BS EN 1264 (compatibility with embedded water heating systems), BS EN 13501-1 (fire performance and reaction to fire), and BS EN 1307 (classification of floor coverings for durability and wear resistance).

 

L-01-03 Ceiling build up(internal)

General information: Internal ceiling build-up represents the structural layers of a ceiling within a room, including the supporting framework, acoustic and thermal insulation layers, and the finishing surface. It provides acoustic comfort, thermal insulation, aesthetic finishing, and protection of structural elements from external influences.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 6946 (Thermal performance of building components) and BS EN ISO 10211 (Thermal bridges in building construction), internal ceiling constructions should help reduce heat loss and minimise thermal bridges. Insulation materials such as mineral wool or PIR boards are selected to achieve the required thermal resistance and maintain the energy efficiency of the space.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13964 (Suspended ceilings – Requirements and test methods) and BS EN 520 (Gypsum plasterboards – Definitions, requirements and test methods), ceiling constructions must provide sufficient strength, deformation resistance, and compatibility with building services (lighting, ventilation, fire detection). Materials should be moisture-resistant, durable, and able to withstand mechanical damage during service.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, ceiling materials are classified by reaction to fire. Internal ceiling layers and panels should be non-combustible or of limited combustibility (e.g., A1 or A2-s1,d0), ensuring fire protection and compliance with Approved Document B.

Design life: In accordance with BS EN 13964 and BS EN ISO 15686 (Buildings and constructed assets – Service life planning), the expected service life of an internal ceiling is at least 30 years when properly designed, installed, and maintained, including protection against moisture and mechanical impacts.

Testing regime: Testing of ceiling constructions is carried out according to BS EN 13964 (load-bearing capacity and stability of suspended systems), BS EN 520 (strength and moisture resistance of gypsum plasterboards), and BS EN 13501-1 (fire performance and reaction to fire). Additionally, acoustic testing may be performed in accordance with BS EN ISO 140 and 717 to verify sound-absorbing properties.

 

M-01-01 Horizontal fire barrier (open)

General Information: A horizontal fire barrier (open type) is a passive fire protection component installed within the cavity of ventilated façade systems. It is designed to restrict the vertical spread of fire and smoke between floors or compartments by sealing the cavity in the event of fire, while allowing ventilation and drainage under normal operating conditions. These barriers are typically installed at floor slab levels, window openings, and other fire-critical junctions.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: While its primary role is fire safety, the barrier can influence the façade's thermal continuity. To avoid cold bridging, it must be integrated without interrupting the insulation layer. This requires accurate detailing and alignment with mineral wool or other insulative materials. Thermal performance should be assessed in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridges) and overall façade U-value calculations as per BS EN ISO 6946. A correctly installed fire barrier should not negatively impact thermal performance.

Technical Considerations: Barriers are typically constructed from non-combustible materials such as rock mineral wool encased in aluminium foil and secured with stainless steel fixings. They must allow unimpeded cavity ventilation under normal conditions and rapidly activate to seal the cavity under fire exposure. Design and installation must comply with BS 9991, BS 9999, and product-specific standards such as BS 476 Parts 20–22 or BS EN 1364-4 / BS EN 1366-4, depending on classification. All installations must follow the system manufacturer’s certified fire detail drawings and be compatible with the cladding system.

Fire Safety Considerations: The fire barrier must achieve a tested fire resistance rating of EI30 or EI60 (depending on project requirements) in accordance with BS EN 13501-2. Fire performance must also be verified as part of the complete façade system per BS 8414, with compliance assessed to BR 135. Materials used in the barrier must meet reaction-to-fire classification A1 or A2-s1,d0 under BS EN 13501-1. Horizontal and vertical cavity barriers are mandatory in high-rise buildings over 18 metres.

Design Life: The expected service life of the fire barrier should match or exceed that of the façade system—minimum 30 years—assuming correct specification and installation. Long-term durability requires non-combustible, corrosion-resistant materials such as stainless steel and stone wool, and adherence to relevant design codes including BS EN 1991 and BS 9999.

Testing Regime: Relevant testing includes:

  • BS EN 1364-4 / BS EN 1366-4 / BS 476 Parts 20–22 – Fire resistance performance of cavity barriers

  • BS EN 13501-1 – Reaction to fire classification of materials

  • BS EN 13501-2 – Fire resistance classification (EI30 / EI60)

  • BS 8414 + BR 135 – Full-scale façade fire testing

Additional product-specific testing under simulated real fire conditions, to confirm cavity sealing behaviour under high temperature and pressure.

 

M-01-04 Fire-stop

General Information: Fire-Stop is used to seal penetrations, joints, and gaps in building structures to prevent the spread of fire, smoke, and hot gases between sections of a building. It is applied in walls, floors, façades, and around service installations.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The element must provide airtightness without creating thermal bridges. In insulated systems or ventilated façades, Fire-Stop must be compatible with insulation materials and should not reduce the energy efficiency of the building, in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.

Technical Considerations: Fire-Stop must maintain integrity and functionality under temperature fluctuations, vibration, and structural movement. The material should comply with BS EN 1366 (Fire resistance tests for service installations) and provide ease of installation and durability of connections.

Fire Safety Considerations: Fire-Stop is classified according to BS EN 13501-2 and ensures the fire resistance of floors, walls, and façades. The material prevents the spread of fire and smoke, and its performance is verified through fire resistance (EI) and smoke control testing in accordance with BS EN 1366 and BS 476.

Design Life: The expected service life of Fire-Stop is at least 30 years, provided it is installed and maintained correctly, in line with manufacturer recommendations and BS EN 1366 requirements.

Testing Regime: The material must be tested for fire resistance, smoke permeability, and durability, including tests under BS EN 1366-3 (penetration seals) and BS EN 1366-4 (linear joint seals). Compatibility with various building and service materials must also be verified.

 

M-01-06 Open State Cassette Infill

General Information: The Open State Cassette Infill is used in ventilated façade systems as a fire protection component with controlled opening. Under normal conditions, it allows ventilation of the cavity behind the cladding, while in the event of fire it expands (intumesces) to block the passage of flames and smoke.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The element must be compatible with the insulation system and not reduce its performance. During normal operation, cavity ventilation helps to remove moisture and maintain the thermal performance of the façade. Under fire conditions, the material must provide thermal insulation and sealing in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.

Technical Considerations: The Open State Cassette Infill must demonstrate stable mechanical properties, durability, and resistance to weathering. A key requirement is that the fire-protective layer expands at high temperatures to completely close the cavity. The material and construction should comply with BS EN 1366 (Fire resistance tests) and BS EN 13162 when used in combination with mineral wool insulation.

Fire Safety Considerations: The element must achieve a reaction to fire classification of at least A2-s1,d0 in accordance with BS EN 13501-1. Its main function in case of fire is to seal the ventilated cavity, limiting the spread of flames, smoke, and hot gases. The effectiveness of the system must be verified through large-scale façade testing to BS 8414 and classified in accordance with BS EN 13501-2.

Design Life: The expected service life of the Open State Cassette Infill is at least 30 years, provided it is correctly installed and protected against moisture and UV exposure, in accordance with BS EN 1366 and manufacturer recommendations.

Testing Regime: The element should be tested for fire resistance to EI criteria in accordance with BS EN 1366-4 (linear joint seals) and BS EN 1366-3 (penetration seals). For façade applications, large-scale testing to BS 8414 is mandatory, followed by classification in accordance with BS EN 13501-2.

 

M-01-07 Close State Cassette Infill

General Information: The Close State Cassette Infill is used in ventilated façade systems as an infill component to provide fire protection and seal cavities between cladding panels and the supporting structure. It prevents the spread of fire, smoke, and hot gases through the façade.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The element must maintain the thermal integrity of the façade system, minimising heat loss and eliminating thermal bridges. Its design should be compatible with insulation materials and comply with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.

Technical Considerations: The Cassette Infill must provide high strength, dimensional stability, and resistance to deformation under heating. The material should comply with BS EN 1366 (Fire resistance tests for service installations) and BS EN 13162 (Thermal insulation products for buildings – Factory made mineral wool products) when used in combination with insulation. It must be durable and retain performance under exposure to moisture and temperature fluctuations.

Fire Safety Considerations: The Close State Cassette Infill must comply with BS EN 13501-1 (Reaction to fire) and achieve a fire classification of at least A2-s1,d0. The effectiveness of the complete façade system incorporating this component must be verified through testing in accordance with BS EN 13501-2 and large-scale façade tests to BS 8414.

Design Life: The expected service life of the Close State Cassette Infill is at least 30 years under correct installation and maintenance, in accordance with manufacturer recommendations and BS EN 1366.

Testing Regime: The element should be tested for fire resistance to EI criteria (integrity and insulation) in accordance with BS EN 1366-4 (linear joint seals) and BS EN 1366-3 (penetration seals), as well as system-level fire performance tests to BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414.

 

M-02-01 Vertical cavity closer

General Information: A vertical cavity closer is a passive fire protection element installed within ventilated façade cavities to restrict the vertical spread of fire and smoke. It is typically used at vertical joints, abutments, panel interfaces, and the edges of window and door openings. The closer acts as a fire barrier by sealing the cavity and limiting fire propagation through the façade void.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: While its primary function is fire containment, the cavity closer must be installed to maintain thermal continuity and prevent thermal bridging. It should integrate seamlessly with the insulation layer of the façade system. Materials used—such as foil-faced mineral wool—offer low thermal conductivity. Thermal performance and detailing should be evaluated in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridges) and BS EN ISO 6946 (overall U-value calculations).

Technical Considerations: The closer must be robust, dimensionally stable, and resistant to weathering and mechanical impact throughout its service life. It should form a tight, continuous seal against adjacent cladding components without compromising necessary ventilation clearances, if applicable. Typically constructed from non-combustible mineral wool encased in aluminium foil or galvanised steel. Structural and installation performance must comply with BS EN 1366-4 and BS EN 1090 (execution of steel/aluminium structures).

Fire Safety Considerations: Vertical cavity closers must achieve a fire resistance rating of at least EI30 (EI60 for buildings over 18 metres in height), and all components must meet fire reaction classifications of A1 or A2-s1,d0 under BS EN 13501-1. The closer must effectively limit vertical flame and smoke spread within the façade cavity. Compliance with BS 8414 (full-scale fire testing) and BR 135 (performance assessment) is mandatory, especially in high-rise or high-risk buildings. Closers must be installed in critical areas, including junctions, window openings, and interfaces between façade segments.

Design Life: The expected service life is at least 30 years, provided that the closer is made from durable, non-combustible materials and is installed in accordance with the system manufacturer’s guidance and relevant British Standards, including BS EN 1991 (actions on structures) and BS 9991 (fire safety in residential buildings).

Testing Regime: Vertical cavity closers must undergo the following testing:

  • BS EN 1366-4 / BS EN 1363-1 – Fire resistance testing of service installations

  • BS EN 13501-1 – Reaction to fire classification (A1 / A2-s1,d0)

  • BS EN 13501-2 – Classification based on fire resistance performance (EI30 / EI60)

  • BS 8414 + BR 135 – Full-scale fire performance testing of the façade system

For systems incorporating intumescent components: thermal activation testing to validate expansion behaviour and sealing performance under fire conditions.

 

M-03-01 Support bracket (fire)

General Information: A fire-rated support bracket is a mounting component designed to secure façade elements while meeting fire safety requirements. It is used to fix cladding systems and fire barriers, ensuring stability and reliability under fire conditions.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Due to the high thermal conductivity of metals, the bracket should minimise thermal bridging. The use of thermal breaks or insulating pads at fixing points is recommended to reduce heat loss. The impact of the bracket on the thermal performance of the façade must be assessed according to BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridges) and BS EN ISO 6946 (overall thermal transmittance).

Technical Considerations: Brackets are typically manufactured from stainless steel or aluminium alloys with high strength and corrosion resistance, compliant with BS EN 1090-1 and BS EN 1993 (steel structures). The design must withstand calculated loads including cladding weight and wind pressure, while accommodating thermal expansion and contraction without compromising structural integrity.

Fire Safety Considerations: Materials used for the bracket must be non-combustible and achieve a minimum reaction to fire classification of A1 under BS EN 13501-1. The bracket must maintain load-bearing capacity for the duration required to support the fire barrier system, in accordance with fire resistance standards such as BS 476 and BS EN 1363.

Design Life: The expected service life is at least 30 years, assuming correct installation and maintenance. Corrosion protection methods, including stainless steel grade selection or protective coatings, extend durability in various environments.

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

  • Mechanical strength and tensile testing in accordance with BS EN ISO 6892-1

  • Corrosion resistance assessment via salt spray testing per BS EN ISO 9227

  • Fire resistance evaluation within the system context according to BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414

 

N-01-01 Silicone sealant (for external)

General information: Silicone sealant is used for sealing construction joints, connections between façade elements, windows, doors, glazing units, as well as junctions between different materials. It provides water- and air-tightness, accommodates structural movement, and protects against moisture, dust and air infiltration.

Energy / Thermal considerations: Silicone sealants help ensure building envelope airtightness, reducing thermal losses through joints and seams. When combined with thermal insulation materials and proper installation, they contribute to compliance with air- and moisture-tightness requirements in accordance with BS EN 1026 (air permeability) and BS EN ISO 6946 (thermal performance calculation). They also prevent thermal bridging in window and façade details.

Technical considerations: Technical characteristics are regulated by BS EN 15651 (sealants for non-structural applications, including façades, windows and sanitary joints). Silicone sealant must exhibit high elasticity, adhesion to various substrates (glass, metal, PVC, concrete), and resistance to UV radiation and ageing. It should accommodate joint movement of up to ±25% or more, depending on the class. For exterior applications, compliance with movement capability and weather resistance requirements (Type F-EXT-INT according to BS EN 15651-1) is essential.

Fire safety considerations:
Most silicone sealants are classified as combustible (typically Class E or lower per BS EN 13501-1). However, special fire-resistant sealants for fire protection details may achieve classifications up to B-s1,d0 or even EI classes when tested as part of an assembly (per BS EN 1366-4 and BS EN 13501-2). Appropriate sealants must be selected according to project fire resistance requirements.

Design life: The expected service life of silicone sealant ranges from 20 to 30 years depending on environmental conditions, application quality and maintenance of proper temperature/humidity conditions. For exterior applications and movement joints, regular inspection is recommended. Durability is determined based on testing according to BS EN ISO 11600 and BS EN 15651.

Testing regime: Silicone sealants are tested to:

  • BS EN ISO 11600 (evaluation of elasticity, adhesion, ageing resistance)

  • BS EN 15651 (Parts 1-4: façades, glazing, sanitary applications, pavement joints)

  • BS EN 13501-1 or BS EN 1366-4 for fire resistance testing

    Additional tests assess resistance to UV radiation, humidity, extreme temperatures and chemical exposure.

 

Z-01-01 Concrete slab

General information: Reinforced concrete floor slabs are designed to create load-bearing structures that distribute loads and form horizontal surfaces in buildings and civil engineering structures.

Energy/Thermal considerations: Concrete slabs must account for thermal inertia and comply with energy efficiency requirements in accordance with BS EN ISO 13786. When used in building envelope applications, they must meet thermal transmittance (U-value) requirements as specified in BS EN ISO 6946.

Technical considerations: Slabs must be designed for strength, stiffness and stability in compliance with BS EN 1992-1-1 (Eurocode 2). Reinforcement specifications, thickness and concrete grade are determined by design loads. Permissible deflections and crack resistance are regulated by BS EN 1990 and BS EN 13670.

Fire safety considerations: The fire resistance of concrete slabs must meet Class R (load-bearing capacity) and, where required, Class EI (thermal insulation and integrity) as defined in BS EN 13501-2. Minimum concrete cover thickness for reinforcement is specified in BS EN 1992-1-2.

Design life: The design service life of reinforced concrete slabs is a minimum of 50 years when maintained according to operational requirements and BS EN 1990 (structural reliability) specifications.

Testing regime: Quality control testing includes:

  • Compressive strength testing (BS EN 12390-3)

  • Freeze-thaw resistance (BS EN 12390-9)

  • Water permeability (BS EN 12390-8)

  • Reinforcement compliance verification (BS EN 10080)

  • Non-destructive testing may also be conducted (BS EN 12504-2) 

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