Annotations

F-07-02 Stainless steel undercut anchor for GRC

General Information: The Stainless Steel Undercut Anchor is used for concealed mechanical fastening of glass fibre reinforced concrete (GRC) panels to the supporting façade substructure. The anchor provides a secure and durable connection, transferring loads from the cladding to the structural elements without visible fixings on the panel surface.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Being made of stainless steel, the anchor has high thermal conductivity and can create local thermal bridges at fixing points. To reduce heat loss, thermal insulating pads or sleeves between the anchor and substructure are recommended, in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.

Technical Considerations: The anchor must provide high mechanical strength, precise fit, and corrosion resistance. Material and design comply with BS EN ISO 3506 (Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant stainless steel fasteners) and BS EN 1993-1-8 (Eurocode 3: Design of joints). Use in GRC panels shall follow BS EN 1992-4 (Design of fastenings for use in concrete) and manufacturer-specific recommendations. Stainless steel grade A4 or higher is recommended for durability in external environments.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is non-combustible (Class A1) per BS EN 13501-1 and does not contribute to fire spread. Anchors retain mechanical performance at elevated temperatures in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-2 (Structural fire design). Fire performance of façade systems with anchors is verified according to BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414.

Design Life: The expected service life of the Stainless Steel Undercut Anchor is at least 30 years, assuming proper design, installation, and use of A4 stainless steel anchors, in accordance with BS EN ISO 3506 and BS EN 1993.

Testing Regime: Anchors are tested for mechanical strength, pull-out, shear, and corrosion resistance in accordance with BS EN 1881 and BS EN ISO 9227. Façade system testing confirms load performance and fire behaviour in accordance with BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414

F-07-03 System fixings

General Information: System fixings are assemblies of fasteners used for mechanically connecting and securing cladding panels made of natural stone or glass fibre reinforced cement (GRC) to the supporting substructure of a façade system. They ensure the transfer of vertical and horizontal loads, panel stability, and safe façade performance under wind and temperature effects.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Fixings that penetrate the insulation layer may create point thermal bridges. To minimise heat loss, it is recommended to use thermal break sleeves, insulating washers, or fasteners with low thermal conductivity. Thermal analysis of junctions should be carried out in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946 to ensure compliance with Building Regulations Part L.

Technical Considerations: Fasteners (anchors, bolts, nuts, studs, and sleeves) must be made of stainless steel according to BS EN ISO 3506-1 / -2 (AISI 304 or 316). Fixing systems should be designed and tested in accordance with BS EN 1090-1 (assessment of conformity of metallic constructions) and BS EN 1993-1-8 (Eurocode 3: design of joints). For GRC panels, requirements of BS EN 15191 (Precast concrete products — Glass fibre reinforced cement) must be considered, and for natural stone panels, BS EN 1469 (Natural stone products for cladding). All fixings must provide sufficient load-bearing capacity and corrosion resistance appropriate to the environmental category defined in BS EN ISO 9223.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel used in the fixings is non-combustible and classified as A1 according to BS EN 13501-1. Fixings do not contribute to flame spread or smoke production. For façade systems on buildings over 18 m in height, these fixings may only be used as part of a façade system tested in accordance with BS 8414 and assessed to BR 135.

Design Life: The expected service life of system fixings is at least 60 years, provided that the appropriate grade of stainless steel is selected for the environmental corrosion category, and installation is performed according to BS EN 1993 (Eurocode 3) and BS EN ISO 9223.

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

• BS EN ISO 3506-1 / -2 (mechanical and corrosion properties of stainless steel fasteners);

• BS EN 1090-1 (assessment of conformity of metallic components);

• BS EN 15191 (requirements for GRC panels and their fixings);

• BS EN 1469 (testing of natural stone cladding systems);

• BS EN ISO 9227 (salt spray corrosion testing);

• BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire — A1);

• BS 8414 and BR 135 (façade system fire performance, if applicable).

G-01-01 Lightweight Steel Frame System

General Information: The LSFS – Lightweight Steel Frame System is used for load-bearing and enclosing structures in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. It provides high strength-to-weight ratio, rapid installation, and design flexibility.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The system shall minimise thermal bridges in compliance with BS EN ISO 10211. Additional thermal insulation materials shall be applied to meet energy efficiency standards (BS EN ISO 6946).

Technical Considerations: The structure shall conform to strength and stability requirements as per BS EN 1993-1-3 (Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures). Geometric and installation tolerances shall comply with BS EN 1090-2 (Execution Standards for Steel Structures).

Fire Safety Considerations: Depending on application, the system shall provide fire resistance in accordance with BS EN 13501-2. Cladding with non-combustible materials (Class A1/A2-s1,d0 per BS EN 13501-1) or application of fire-protective coatings may be utilised.

Design Life: The design service life shall be no less than 50 years, subject to compliance with corrosion protection (BS EN ISO 12944) and maintenance requirements (BS EN 1990).

Testing Regime:

Testing shall include load-bearing capacity verification (BS EN 1993-1-3), corrosion resistance (BS EN ISO 9227), and fire resistance (BS EN 1363-1).

G-02-05 Waterproofing membrane

General Information: The waterproofing membrane is designed to protect building structures from water ingress, preventing moisture damage and ensuring building durability. It is used in roofing systems, underground structures, balconies, and terraces.

Energy/Thermal Considerations: The membrane may affect the thermal performance of the structure. In some applications, it is used in combination with thermal insulation materials, complying with BS EN 13967 requirements for flexibility and resistance to thermal deformation.

Technical Considerations: The membrane shall possess high tensile strength, puncture resistance, and UV stability (for external applications). It must conform to BS EN 13707 (for roofing membranes) and BS EN 13970 (for waterproofing under screeds).

Fire Safety Considerations: Depending on application, the membrane shall meet relevant fire safety classifications, such as BROOF(t4) per BS EN 13501-5 (for roofing materials). Internal membranes may require a minimum fire reaction class of B-s1,d0 (BS EN 13501-1).

Design Life: The expected service life ranges from 20 to 50 years depending on membrane type and operating conditions, in accordance with BS EN 13967 guidelines.

Testing Regime:

• Testing includes water tightness verification (BS EN 1928), resistance to static and dynamic water exposure (BS EN 13583), and mechanical strength assessment (BS EN 12311).

G-04-01 Mineral wool insulation (for external application) (k ≤ 0.035 W/mK)

General Information: Mineral wool insulation (for wall) is used in external and internal building envelopes to provide thermal, acoustic and fire insulation. Installed in multi-layer walls, façade systems or framed partitions as a non-combustible insulation material.

Energy/Thermal Considerations: Mineral wool features low thermal conductivity (λ ≈ 0.032-0.040 W/m·K), complying with BS EN 13162 - the standard for thermal insulation products for buildings. It effectively reduces heat loss and helps building envelopes meet energy efficiency requirements (e.g. BS EN ISO 6946). Insulation thickness is selected based on required U-value.

Technical Considerations: According to BS EN 13162, mineral wool must maintain dimensional stability, moisture resistance, compressive strength (when used in rainscreen systems), and long-term durability. The material must retain its insulating properties under humid conditions. For walls, compliance with strength classes and dimensional stability under temperature fluctuations is essential. Capillary activity and water vapour diffusion resistance (µ-factor) are also considered.

Fire Safety Considerations: Mineral wool is a non-combustible material typically classified as A1 per BS EN 13501-1 - it doesn't support combustion, emit toxic gases or produce flaming droplets. Used as a component in fire protection systems for façades, partitions and fire compartments. When used in external insulation systems (e.g. ventilated façades), it ensures structural fire safety.

Design Life: The expected service life of mineral wool is minimum 30 years per BS EN 13162, provided proper installation, moisture protection and avoidance of mechanical damage.

Testing Regime: Testing is conducted according to BS EN 13162 and BS EN 1602-1609, including determination of thermal conductivity, water absorption, compressive strength, ageing resistance and dimensional stability. Fire performance is verified per BS EN 13501-1.

H-02-01 Double glazed unit (DGU-1)

General Information: A double glazed unit (DGU) is used in window, door, and façade systems to provide thermal and acoustic insulation. It consists of two glass panes separated by a spacer frame with a hermetically sealed cavity, which may be filled with air or an inert gas (e.g., argon). DGUs are employed in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings to enhance energy efficiency and comfort.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: According to BS EN 1279 (standards for insulating glass units), a double glazed unit must achieve a low thermal transmittance (U-value), particularly when using low-emissivity coatings (Low-E) and gas filling. This ensures compliance with building energy efficiency requirements, as specified in BS EN ISO 10077-1 and BS EN ISO 10456. The use of inert gases and warm-edge spacer bars further reduces heat loss and the risk of condensation.

Technical Considerations: Technical requirements for double glazed units are defined by BS EN 1279 (Parts 1–6), covering durability, airtightness, moisture absorption, optical properties, and thickness tolerances. Additional parameters include sound insulation, wind load resistance, and impact resistance (where required). Compatibility with window or façade systems must be ensured in accordance with BS EN 14351-1 (windows and external pedestrian doors).

Fire Safety Considerations: Standard double glazed units made from tempered or float glass are not fire-resistant, though they may be used in non-fire-rated barriers. Their behaviour in fire depends on the glass type: standard glass is not classified under BS EN 13501-1, but tempered or laminated glass may meet certain safe breakage requirements. If the glazed unit is part of a fire-rated system, specialist fire-resistant glass certified to BS EN 14449 and BS EN 13501-2 must be used.

Design Life The expected service life of a double glazed unit is at least 25–30 years, assuming proper installation and sealing quality, as per BS EN 1279-2 and -3.

Testing Regime: Testing includes assessments for:

• Airtightness (BS EN 1279-2)

• Moisture absorption (BS EN 1279-3)

• Thermal transmittance (BS EN 674)

• Light transmittance (BS EN 410)

• Sound insulation (BS EN ISO 10140)

• Resistance to climatic cycling and ageing

• Full-scale testing of glazed units within window systems is conducted under BS EN 14351-1.

H-04-01 Aluminium spandrel panel (ASP-1)

General information: Aluminium spandrel panels are used to cover floor slabs in façade systems, as well as for decorative purposes and to provide enclosure. The panels are installed in the zones between window openings and are non-transparent elements, ensuring architectural expression and protecting internal structures from weather exposure.

Energy / Thermal considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 (Thermal performance of building components) and BS EN ISO 10077 (Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters), aluminium spandrel panels must incorporate an insulating layer or suitable backing to eliminate thermal bridging and achieve the required thermal resistance. The panel design must maintain the energy efficiency of the building envelope and prevent condensation.

Technical considerations: According to BS EN 485 and BS EN 573 (Aluminium and aluminium alloys), panels must be manufactured from alloys with adequate strength, corrosion resistance and dimensional stability. Mechanical reliability, weathertightness and durability requirements for façade assemblies are defined in BS EN 13830 (Curtain walling – Product standard). The panel must be compatible with the supporting façade system and capable of withstanding wind loads and service loads.

Fire safety considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13501-1, aluminium is classified as a non-combustible material (Class A1). However, the construction of spandrel panels includes insulation and facing layers, which must comply with the requirements of Approved Document B. To ensure fire safety, non-combustible insulation materials (e.g. mineral wool classified as A1 or A2-s1,d0) and non-combustible facing materials must be used within the panel assembly, in line with BS EN 1364 (Fire resistance tests for non-loadbearing elements).

Design life: In accordance with BS EN 13830 and BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures), the expected service life of aluminium spandrel panels is at least 30 years, provided correct design, installation and corrosion protection are ensured.

Testing regime: Testing of aluminium spandrel panels is carried out in accordance with BS EN 13830 (mechanical performance, air permeability, watertightness), BS EN 13501-1 (fire performance classification), and BS EN ISO 10077 (thermal performance). Additional corrosion resistance tests may be carried out in accordance with BS EN ISO 9227 (salt spray test)

I-01-01 Aluminium panel

General Information: Aluminium panels are thin-gauge cladding elements used in ventilated façade systems for both decorative and protective purposes. Installed using either visible or concealed fixings, they form part of the building envelope, shielding the structure from environmental exposure while contributing to modern architectural aesthetics.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Due to their high thermal conductivity, aluminium panels do not serve as insulation. However, as external components of a ventilated façade system, they are critical in protecting underlying thermal insulation from wind and moisture ingress. Thermal performance calculations must be carried out in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211, with particular attention paid to thermal bridging around fixings. Adequate rear ventilation behind the panel is essential to allow moisture drainage and pressure equalisation.

Technical Considerations: Aluminium panels must be resistant to deformation, vibration, corrosion, and thermal cycling. Base materials should comply with BS EN 485 (rolled aluminium products), BS EN 573-3 and BS EN 515 (alloy and mechanical property specifications). Panel thickness and type (e.g. solid aluminium or aluminium composite) are selected based on wind load analysis per BS EN 1991-1-4 and material rigidity. Aesthetic and functional considerations include UV resistance, colour stability, and abrasion resistance of coatings.

Fire Safety Considerations: Fire performance depends on the panel type. Solid aluminium panels are typically non-combustible and may be classified as Class A1 per BS EN 13501-1. Aluminium composite panels (ACP) must have non-combustible cores (e.g. mineral-filled) to be used on buildings over 18 metres in height, achieving at least Class A2-s1,d0. The use of combustible cores (e.g. polyethylene) in high-rise or critical buildings is prohibited. All cladding products should be installed as part of façade systems tested to BS 8414 and assessed in accordance with BR 135.

Design Life: Aluminium panels have an expected service life of 30 years or more, subject to the quality of the coating and environmental conditions. Coating performance in terms of UV durability, pollution resistance and corrosion protection must meet BS EN 12206 (coated aluminium products). In coastal or industrial environments, additional protective measures or corrosion-resistant aluminium grades are recommended.

Testing Regime: Applicable testing standards include:

• BS EN 13501-1 – Fire classification (A1 or A2-s1,d0)

• BS EN 485 / BS EN ISO 6892-1 – Mechanical properties of aluminium sheet

• BS EN 12206 – Coating quality and weathering resistance

• BS EN ISO 9227 – Salt spray (neutral) testing for corrosion resistance

• BS 8414 and BR 135 – Full-scale fire performance as part of cladding system

I-04-01 GRC panel

General information: GRC panel (Glassfibre Reinforced Concrete) is used as a façade cladding element, combining the strength of concrete with the lightness of glassfibre reinforcement. The panels are applied to external walls, decorative façades, and architectural features, providing durability, aesthetics, and reduced loads on the supporting structure.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN 12467, GRC panels are not a thermal insulation layer but form part of a ventilated multi-layer wall system with insulation. Their primary function is to provide protection against weathering and wind loads. Thermal calculations in accordance with BS EN ISO 13788 are considered in design to avoid interstitial condensation.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 1170 (GRC testing) and BS EN 12467 (fibre-cement products), the panels must provide high flexural strength, resistance to impact and wind loads, frost resistance, and durability against carbonation. The design enables minimum thickness with high structural capacity. Installation must use certified fixing systems in compliance with BS EN 1090 and BS EN 1991 (structural loads).

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, GRC panels are classified as non-combustible (class A1 reaction to fire). This ensures no smoke production or flaming droplets. The fire resistance of the complete system is assessed in accordance with BS EN 13501-2 and may achieve REI 120 or higher depending on panel thickness and fixing design.

Design life: Expected design life: 50 years according to BS EN 12467, provided correct design, certified materials, and regular maintenance of the façade system.

Testing regime: In accordance with BS EN 1170 and BS EN 12467, the panels are tested for flexural strength, watertightness, frost resistance, impact resistance, and durability under freeze–thaw cycles. In addition, classification by reaction to fire (BS EN 13501-1) is carried out, alongside assessment of resistance to weathering and ultraviolet exposure.

J-01-01 Aluminium flashing

General Information: Aluminium flashing is a supplementary element used to protect façade and roofing junctions from water ingress and to provide a clean, finished appearance at connection points. It is typically installed at panel joints, window and door perimeters, roof edges, and other envelope transitions.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Due to the high thermal conductivity of aluminium, flashing can act as a point thermal bridge. To reduce unwanted heat loss, the use of gaskets, sealing membranes, or thermal breaks at the interface with warm interior zones is recommended. The thermal impact of flashing elements should be assessed using BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridge analysis) and BS EN ISO 6946 (thermal transmittance calculation).

Technical Considerations: Flashing is fabricated from aluminium or aluminium alloy in accordance with BS EN 485 and BS EN 573. It must have adequate rigidity, be resistant to corrosion, and withstand exposure to UV radiation and weathering. Surface protection is typically achieved via anodising or polyester powder coating, in compliance with BS EN 12206. Proper installation must ensure water-tightness and effective water drainage. Dimensions and profiles are project-specific and must align with design details for junctions.

Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium is a non-combustible material with a reaction to fire classification of Class A1 according to BS EN 13501-1. However, it loses mechanical strength when exposed to temperatures above 300–400 °C. Therefore, its use in fire-rated zones must be verified through system-level fire testing as per BS 8414 or BS EN 1364, when flashing forms part of a critical fire protection detail.

Design Life: The expected design life of aluminium flashing is at least 30 years, provided corrosion-resistant alloys and appropriate protective coatings are used. Durability is supported by compliance with BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9) and BS EN 1090-1. Regular inspection and maintenance are essential to ensure long-term performance.

Testing Regime: Testing procedures include:

• Corrosion resistance via salt spray testing in accordance with BS EN ISO 9227;

• Water tightness and sealing efficiency as part of the installed façade system;

• Fire reaction classification per BS EN 13501-1 (Class A1);

• Fire performance testing per BS 8414, if flashing is included in fire-critical assembly.

J-04-01 Aluminium coping (t-2mm)

General information: Aluminium coping is a protective element installed at the top of parapets, walls, or roof barriers to prevent the ingress of precipitation into the construction and to protect against erosion, weathering, and mechanical damage. It is used in external building envelope systems to enhance the durability and watertightness of façade or roofing assemblies.

Energy / Thermal considerations: Although aluminium coping itself does not provide thermal insulation, it must be properly integrated with the thermal insulation layer and vapour control barrier so as not to compromise the thermal performance of the construction. It is essential to eliminate thermal bridges through fixings and ensure sealed connections with insulation, particularly on warm roof assemblies. Detailing and thermal modelling should be carried out in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946.

Technical considerations: Aluminium coping must be resistant to wind loads, environmental exposure, and deformation. It is typically manufactured from 2–3 mm thick aluminium sheet and must comply with BS EN 485 (mechanical properties of wrought aluminium), BS EN 573 (chemical composition), and BS EN 15088 (aluminium products for structural applications). To provide protection against corrosion and UV exposure, the surface should be anodised or powder-coated in accordance with BS EN 12206 (organic coatings). The coping fixing system must accommodate thermal expansion without compromising joint integrity.

Fire safety considerations: Aluminium used for coping is a non-combustible material, classified as Class A1 in accordance with BS EN 13501-1. It does not support flame propagation and does not emit toxic gases when exposed to high temperatures. However, at interfaces with other materials (e.g. gaskets, sealants), the individual fire classification of those components must be taken into account, especially where coping is installed on roofs or along evacuation zones.

Design life: The expected service life of aluminium coping is at least 40–50 years, provided it is correctly designed, installed, and protected from electrolytic corrosion. This service life is supported by BS EN 1999-1-1 (Eurocode 9 — design of aluminium structures) and BS EN ISO 9223 (assessment of the corrosivity of atmospheric environments).

Testing regime: Testing may include resistance to wind loading (BS EN 1991-1-4), watertightness of connection details (BS EN 1027), coating adhesion (BS EN ISO 2409), corrosion resistance (BS EN ISO 9227 — salt spray test), and resistance to climatic ageing (BS EN 1297). When used in roofing systems, additional testing may be required for capillary action resistance and dimensional stability under thermal expansion.

J-05-01 Aluminium sheet (t-2mm)

General Information: Aluminium Sheet with a thickness of 2 mm is used in construction for façade cladding, ventilated systems, and as part of substructures. It is characterised by low weight, corrosion resistance, and high workability during fabrication and installation.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Aluminium has high thermal conductivity and does not provide insulation. When applied in façade systems, it must be combined with thermal insulation materials. The influence of thermal bridges and the coefficient of linear thermal expansion must be taken into account, in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.

Technical Considerations: Aluminium sheet (2 mm thick) must comply with BS EN 485 (Aluminium and aluminium alloys – Sheet, strip and plate) and BS EN 573 (Chemical composition and form of wrought aluminium alloys). Strength and durability are ensured through alloys defined in BS EN 485-2. When designing façades with aluminium sheets, BS EN 1999-1-1 (Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures) must be followed. For corrosion protection, anodising (BS EN 12373) or powder coating (BS EN 12206) is applied.

Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium is classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1 and is non-combustible. In façade systems, it does not contribute to fire spread. The fire performance of the complete system must be verified through testing in accordance with BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414.

Design Life: The expected service life of Aluminium Sheet (t = 2 mm) is at least 30 years when suitable protective finishes are applied and correct design principles are followed, in accordance with BS EN 1999-1-1 and BS EN 485.

Testing Regime: Sheets must undergo testing for mechanical properties (strength, stiffness, impact resistance) in accordance with BS EN 485-2, as well as corrosion resistance testing under BS EN ISO 9227. Within façade systems, aluminium panels must be fire tested in accordance with BS EN 13501-1/2 and BS 8414.

J-06-01 Steel flushing (t-2mm)

General Information: Steel Flashing with a thickness of 2 mm is used in construction to seal and protect joints between façade elements, roofing, and walls from moisture ingress and weather exposure. It provides durability of the structure and a neat visual finish at connection details.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Steel has high thermal conductivity; therefore, junction elements may create local thermal bridges. To minimise heat loss, thermal breaks and insulating pads are recommended. Thermal performance requirements are defined in BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.

Technical Considerations: The steel sheet must provide high strength and stiffness at a small thickness to ensure reliability in façade and roofing details. The material must comply with BS EN 10025 (Hot rolled products of structural steels) or BS EN 10346 (Continuously hot-dip coated steel flat products), depending on surface treatment. Corrosion protection is achieved through galvanisation (BS EN 10346), powder coating (BS EN 12206), or the use of stainless steel (BS EN 10088).

Fire Safety Considerations: Steel is classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1 and is non-combustible. Flashing does not contribute to fire spread. The fire resistance of the complete system must be verified through testing in accordance with BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414.

Design Life: The expected service life of Steel Flashing (t = 2 mm) is at least 30 years when appropriate protective coatings (galvanisation, powder coating, or stainless steel) are applied and connection details are correctly designed, in accordance with BS EN 1993 (Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures).

Testing Regime: The element must be tested for mechanical strength and corrosion resistance (BS EN ISO 9227), as well as compatibility of protective coatings. Within façade or roofing systems, joint watertightness and fire resistance must be verified through testing in accordance with BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414.

K-01-03 Reinforcing aluminium support profile

General Information: The Reinforcing Aluminium Support Profile is used in façade and structural systems as a strengthening element to enhance the rigidity and stability of aluminium subsystems or cladding panels. It is designed to resist wind and service loads and prevent deformation of long aluminium members.

Energy / Thermal Considerations:
Aluminium has high thermal conductivity, so the use of reinforcing profiles may create thermal bridges. To minimize heat loss, thermal breaks or insulating inserts between the reinforcing profile and the supporting structure are recommended, in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.

Technical Considerations: The profile must provide sufficient strength and rigidity to withstand additional loads without compromising the geometric stability of the façade system. Material and fabrication shall comply with BS EN 755 and BS EN 12020 (Aluminium and aluminium alloys – Extruded profiles). Structural design and load calculations are performed in accordance with BS EN 1999-1-1 (Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures). For durability and corrosion resistance, anodising or powder coating is recommended in accordance with BS EN 12206.

Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium is classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1, is non-combustible, and does not emit toxic gases. However, at elevated temperatures, aluminium may lose strength, so façade systems incorporating this profile should be fire-tested according to BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414.

Design Life: The expected service life of the Reinforcing Aluminium Support Profile is at least 30 years, provided that corrosion protection, correct installation, and maintenance are observed, in accordance with BS EN 1999 and BS EN 12206.

Testing Regime: The profile must be tested for mechanical strength, bending resistance, and corrosion resistance according to BS EN 755-2 and BS EN ISO 9227. As part of a façade or structural system, it should also be tested for wind loads, durability, and fire performance according to BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414

L-01-01 Internal wall finish

General information: Internal wall finish is applied to provide interior surfaces with the required functional and decorative properties. Depending on the design specification, this may include plaster, plasterboard sheets, cladding panels, or paint. Internal finishes ensure surface smoothness, substrate protection, and an aesthetically pleasing interior appearance.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 13788 and BS EN ISO 6946, internal finishes influence the vapour permeability of the building envelope and, to a lesser extent, the thermal performance of the wall. When used as part of insulated wall systems, consideration must be given to the finish’s ability to regulate moisture conditions, preventing condensation and maintaining the calculated thermal resistance.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13914 (plastering), BS EN 520 (plasterboards), and BS EN 15102 (wallcoverings and panels), internal finishes must provide adequate adhesion to the substrate, resistance to mechanical damage, abrasion resistance, and hygienic performance. Installation should comply with relevant standards, ensuring quality control of joints and surface flatness.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, finishing materials are classified by reaction to fire. Mineral plasters and plasterboards are generally classified as A1 or A2 (non-combustible), whereas decorative coatings (paints, panels) may fall into lower classes such as B or C. Design must also consider BS EN 13501-2 requirements to achieve the necessary fire resistance of the wall system as a whole.

Design life: Expected design life: 20–30 years according to BS EN 13914 and BS EN 520, provided correct installation and regular maintenance are carried out. Service life depends on the type of finish, operating conditions, and the intensity of mechanical impact.

Testing regime: According to BS EN 520 and BS EN 15102, finishes are tested for flexural strength (for sheet materials), adhesion to substrate, abrasion resistance, and resistance to moisture and temperature variations. Additional classification is carried out for reaction to fire in accordance with BS EN 13501-1.

L-01-02 Floor build up (internal)

General information: Internal floor build-up represents the structural layers of a floor within a building, including the substrate, insulation, leveling, and finishing layers. It provides strength, durability, sound and thermal insulation, and serves as a base for floor coverings in residential and commercial spaces.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 6946 (Thermal performance of building components) and BS EN ISO 10211 (Thermal bridges in building construction), the internal floor “sandwich” must minimise heat loss and thermal bridging. Insulation materials used (mineral wool, expanded polystyrene, PIR, etc.) are selected to achieve regulatory thermal resistance and maintain the energy efficiency of the space.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 1264 (Heating systems in buildings – Embedded water heating systems) and BS EN 13813 (Screed material and floor screeds – Properties and requirements), the floor construction must be designed for operational loads, durability, and compatibility with building services (e.g., underfloor heating). Materials should provide sufficient strength, moisture resistance, minimal deformation, and stability against shrinkage.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, floor materials are classified by reaction to fire. Insulation and floor layers must demonstrate appropriate non-combustibility or limited combustibility (e.g., A1 or A2-s1,d0) to ensure occupant safety and prevent fire spread through internal floor structures.

Design life: In accordance with BS EN 13813 and BS EN ISO 15686 (Buildings and constructed assets – Service life planning), the expected service life of an internal floor is at least 30 years when properly designed, installed, and maintained, including timely servicing and moisture protection.

Testing regime: Testing of internal floor build-ups is carried out according to BS EN 13813 (strength and wear resistance of screed), BS EN 1264 (compatibility with embedded water heating systems), BS EN 13501-1 (fire performance and reaction to fire), and BS EN 1307 (classification of floor coverings for durability and wear resistance).

L-01-03 Ceiling build up (internal)

General information: Internal ceiling build-up represents the structural layers of a ceiling within a room, including the supporting framework, acoustic and thermal insulation layers, and the finishing surface. It provides acoustic comfort, thermal insulation, aesthetic finishing, and protection of structural elements from external influences.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 6946 (Thermal performance of building components) and BS EN ISO 10211 (Thermal bridges in building construction), internal ceiling constructions should help reduce heat loss and minimise thermal bridges. Insulation materials such as mineral wool or PIR boards are selected to achieve the required thermal resistance and maintain the energy efficiency of the space.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13964 (Suspended ceilings – Requirements and test methods) and BS EN 520 (Gypsum plasterboards – Definitions, requirements and test methods), ceiling constructions must provide sufficient strength, deformation resistance, and compatibility with building services (lighting, ventilation, fire detection). Materials should be moisture-resistant, durable, and able to withstand mechanical damage during service.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, ceiling materials are classified by reaction to fire. Internal ceiling layers and panels should be non-combustible or of limited combustibility (e.g., A1 or A2-s1,d0), ensuring fire protection and compliance with Approved Document B.

Design life: In accordance with BS EN 13964 and BS EN ISO 15686 (Buildings and constructed assets – Service life planning), the expected service life of an internal ceiling is at least 30 years when properly designed, installed, and maintained, including protection against moisture and mechanical impacts.

Testing regime: Testing of ceiling constructions is carried out according to BS EN 13964 (load-bearing capacity and stability of suspended systems), BS EN 520 (strength and moisture resistance of gypsum plasterboards), and BS EN 13501-1 (fire performance and reaction to fire). Additionally, acoustic testing may be performed in accordance with BS EN ISO 140 and 717 to verify sound-absorbing properties.

L-02-01 Ventilation duct

General Information: A ventilation duct is a conduit used in ventilation and air-conditioning systems to transport air between indoor spaces and the external environment. It ensures effective air circulation, maintains a comfortable indoor climate, removes polluted air, and supplies fresh air in accordance with the building’s design requirements.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Ducts should have minimal pressure loss and thermal losses. To reduce heat transfer and conserve energy, insulation materials should be used in accordance with BS EN 12237 (Ventilation for buildings — Ductwork — Strength and leakage of circular sheet metal ducts) and BS EN 1505. Duct insulation must comply with the energy efficiency requirements of Building Regulations Part L and maintain the thermal transmittance (U-value) according to BS EN 12241.

Technical Considerations: Ducts can be made from galvanised steel, stainless steel, aluminium, or composite materials, depending on operating conditions and the level of corrosion aggressiveness. They must comply with BS EN 1505, BS EN 1506, and BS EN 12237 regarding strength, airtightness, and load resistance. Fixings and connection components must ensure airtightness and comply with BS EN 12236 and BS EN 12237.

Fire Safety Considerations: Duct materials must meet fire safety requirements. Metal ducts are classified as non-combustible (Class A1 under BS EN 13501-1). For buildings over 18 m, particularly in smoke extraction and fire protection systems, ducts must be tested and certified for resistance to fire and smoke spread in accordance with BS 476-24 and BS EN 1366-1.

Design Life: The expected service life of ventilation ducts is 30–50 years, depending on the material, operating conditions, and adherence to installation and maintenance recommendations in accordance with BS EN 12237 and BS EN 1505.

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

• BS EN 12237 (strength and airtightness of metal ducts);

• BS EN 1505 / BS EN 1506 (construction and connections of rectangular and circular ducts);

• BS EN 12236 (airtightness of connections);

• BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire);

• BS 476-24 and BS EN 1366-1 (fire resistance of ducts)

L-03-01 Roof build up

General information: This roofing system is designed to protect the building from environmental exposure, provide thermal insulation, and ensure the long-term durability of the roof covering.

Energy / Thermal considerations: The roofing system must comply with thermal conductivity and energy efficiency requirements in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946. The thermal resistance (R-value) should be calculated based on the regional climatic conditions. Additional requirements include the minimisation of thermal bridging in accordance with BS EN ISO 14683.

Technical considerations: The roof construction must ensure mechanical strength and resistance to wind and snow loads in accordance with BS EN 1991-1-3 and BS EN 1991-1-4. The waterproofing layer must comply with BS EN 13707, while the vapour control layer must meet BS EN 13984. Roof pitch and drainage must be designed in accordance with BS EN 12056-3.

Fire safety considerations: Roofing materials must achieve a fire classification of no less than A2-s1,d0 as per BS EN 13501-1. When combustible insulation materials are used, fire barriers must be incorporated in accordance with BS EN 13501-5.

Design life: The expected service life of the roofing system is at least 30 years, provided that the requirements of BS EN 15643-1 are met and that regular maintenance is performed.

Testing regime: Roofing materials and systems must undergo testing for watertightness (BS EN 1928), UV resistance (BS EN 1297), and mechanical performance (BS EN 16012). Fire performance testing may also be required in accordance with BS EN 1187.

M-01-04 Fire-stop

General Information: Fire-Stop is used to seal penetrations, joints, and gaps in building structures to prevent the spread of fire, smoke, and hot gases between sections of a building. It is applied in walls, floors, façades, and around service installations.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The element must provide airtightness without creating thermal bridges. In insulated systems or ventilated façades, Fire-Stop must be compatible with insulation materials and should not reduce the energy efficiency of the building, in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.

Technical Considerations: Fire-Stop must maintain integrity and functionality under temperature fluctuations, vibration, and structural movement. The material should comply with BS EN 1366 (Fire resistance tests for service installations) and provide ease of installation and durability of connections.

Fire Safety Considerations: Fire-Stop is classified according to BS EN 13501-2 and ensures the fire resistance of floors, walls, and façades. The material prevents the spread of fire and smoke, and its performance is verified through fire resistance (EI) and smoke control testing in accordance with BS EN 1366 and BS 476.

Design Life: The expected service life of Fire-Stop is at least 30 years, provided it is installed and maintained correctly, in line with manufacturer recommendations and BS EN 1366 requirements.

Testing Regime: The material must be tested for fire resistance, smoke permeability, and durability, including tests under BS EN 1366-3 (penetration seals) and BS EN 1366-4 (linear joint seals). Compatibility with various building and service materials must also be verified.

M-03-01 Support bracket (fire)

General Information: A fire-rated support bracket is a mounting component designed to secure façade elements while meeting fire safety requirements. It is used to fix cladding systems and fire barriers, ensuring stability and reliability under fire conditions.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Due to the high thermal conductivity of metals, the bracket should minimise thermal bridging. The use of thermal breaks or insulating pads at fixing points is recommended to reduce heat loss. The impact of the bracket on the thermal performance of the façade must be assessed according to BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridges) and BS EN ISO 6946 (overall thermal transmittance).

Technical Considerations: Brackets are typically manufactured from stainless steel or aluminium alloys with high strength and corrosion resistance, compliant with BS EN 1090-1 and BS EN 1993 (steel structures). The design must withstand calculated loads including cladding weight and wind pressure, while accommodating thermal expansion and contraction without compromising structural integrity.

Fire Safety Considerations: Materials used for the bracket must be non-combustible and achieve a minimum reaction to fire classification of A1 under BS EN 13501-1. The bracket must maintain load-bearing capacity for the duration required to support the fire barrier system, in accordance with fire resistance standards such as BS 476 and BS EN 1363.

Design Life: The expected service life is at least 30 years, assuming correct installation and maintenance. Corrosion protection methods, including stainless steel grade selection or protective coatings, extend durability in various environments.

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

• Mechanical strength and tensile testing in accordance with BS EN ISO 6892-1

• Corrosion resistance assessment via salt spray testing per BS EN ISO 9227

• Fire resistance evaluation within the system context according to BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414

Z-01-01 Concrete slab

General information: Reinforced concrete floor slabs are designed to create load-bearing structures that distribute loads and form horizontal surfaces in buildings and civil engineering structures.

Energy/Thermal considerations: Concrete slabs must account for thermal inertia and comply with energy efficiency requirements in accordance with BS EN ISO 13786. When used in building envelope applications, they must meet thermal transmittance (U-value) requirements as specified in BS EN ISO 6946.

Technical considerations: Slabs must be designed for strength, stiffness and stability in compliance with BS EN 1992-1-1 (Eurocode 2). Reinforcement specifications, thickness and concrete grade are determined by design loads. Permissible deflections and crack resistance are regulated by BS EN 1990 and BS EN 13670.

Fire safety considerations: The fire resistance of concrete slabs must meet Class R (load-bearing capacity) and, where required, Class EI (thermal insulation and integrity) as defined in BS EN 13501-2. Minimum concrete cover thickness for reinforcement is specified in BS EN 1992-1-2.

Design life: The design service life of reinforced concrete slabs is a minimum of 50 years when maintained according to operational requirements and BS EN 1990 (structural reliability) specifications.

Testing regime: Quality control testing includes:

• Compressive strength testing (BS EN 12390-3)

• Freeze-thaw resistance (BS EN 12390-9)

• Water permeability (BS EN 12390-8)

• Reinforcement compliance verification (BS EN 10080)

• Non-destructive testing may also be conducted (BS EN 12504-2)

Z-01-03 Concrete upstand

General information: A concrete upstand is used to create a watertight barrier at roof, terrace, balcony and other construction junctions, preventing water ingress into the building.

Energy/Thermal considerations: The concrete upstand must account for thermal bridging at interfaces with other building elements. Thermal insulation requirements and energy loss minimisation are regulated by BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 14683.

Technical considerations: The structure must possess adequate strength and resistance to mechanical impacts. Upstand height and thickness are determined in accordance with:

• BS 6229 (for flat roofs)

• BS EN 1992-1-1 (for concrete structures)

• Waterproofing must comply with BS EN 14909 or BS 8102.

Fire safety considerations: As a non-combustible element, concrete upstands typically achieve Class A1 per BS EN 13501-1. When combined with other materials (e.g., waterproofing membranes), their fire classification must be considered.

Design life: The expected service life of a concrete upstand is minimum 30 years when properly designed, installed and waterproofed in compliance with BS 7543 (durability of building constructions).

Testing regime: Quality control includes:

• Concrete compressive strength testing (BS EN 12390-3)

• Water permeability testing (BS EN 12390-8)

• Freeze-thaw resistance (BS EN 12390-9)

• Waterproofing material adhesion and elasticity testing (BS EN 14891)