Annotations

J-01-01 Aluminium flashing

General Information: Aluminium flashing is a supplementary element used to protect façade and roofing junctions from water ingress and to provide a clean, finished appearance at connection points. It is typically installed at panel joints, window and door perimeters, roof edges, and other envelope transitions.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Due to the high thermal conductivity of aluminium, flashing can act as a point thermal bridge. To reduce unwanted heat loss, the use of gaskets, sealing membranes, or thermal breaks at the interface with warm interior zones is recommended. The thermal impact of flashing elements should be assessed using BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridge analysis) and BS EN ISO 6946 (thermal transmittance calculation).

Technical Considerations: Flashing is fabricated from aluminium or aluminium alloy in accordance with BS EN 485 and BS EN 573. It must have adequate rigidity, be resistant to corrosion, and withstand exposure to UV radiation and weathering. Surface protection is typically achieved via anodising or polyester powder coating, in compliance with BS EN 12206. Proper installation must ensure water-tightness and effective water drainage. Dimensions and profiles are project-specific and must align with design details for junctions.

Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium is a non-combustible material with a reaction to fire classification of Class A1 according to BS EN 13501-1. However, it loses mechanical strength when exposed to temperatures above 300–400 °C. Therefore, its use in fire-rated zones must be verified through system-level fire testing as per BS 8414 or BS EN 1364, when flashing forms part of a critical fire protection detail.

Design Life: The expected design life of aluminium flashing is at least 30 years, provided corrosion-resistant alloys and appropriate protective coatings are used. Durability is supported by compliance with BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9) and BS EN 1090-1. Regular inspection and maintenance are essential to ensure long-term performance.

Testing Regime: Testing procedures include:

• Corrosion resistance via salt spray testing in accordance with BS EN ISO 9227;

• Water tightness and sealing efficiency as part of the installed façade system;

• Fire reaction classification per BS EN 13501-1 (Class A1);

• Fire performance testing per BS 8414, if flashing is included in fire-critical assembly.

J-02-01 Aluminium sill (t-2mm)

General information: An aluminium sill (2 mm thick) is a horizontal element installed at window or façade openings, designed to direct rainwater and meltwater away from the wall surface and to protect the lower part of the opening from moisture ingress and mechanical damage. It is used in both ventilated façade systems and window assemblies, and is mounted beneath the window frame.

Energy / Thermal considerations: Although aluminium sills do not possess intrinsic thermal insulation properties, their design must address the minimisation of thermal bridging, particularly at the junction with the window frame. During the design stage, thermal break pads or installation over an insulated layer should be considered to maintain the required thermal resistance of the detail in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridge analysis). It is also essential to ensure airtight and watertight joints to prevent air and moisture infiltration.

Technical considerations: A 2 mm thick aluminium sill must demonstrate resistance to mechanical loads, deformation, and environmental exposure. Compliance with BS EN 485 (mechanical properties of wrought aluminium), BS EN 573 (chemical composition), and BS EN 15088 (aluminium products for structural applications) ensures the quality and performance of the material. The aluminium should be provided with a protective finish, such as anodising or powder coating, in accordance with BS EN 12206 (organic coatings) to enhance resistance to corrosion and UV degradation.

Fire safety considerations: Aluminium is classified as a non-combustible material (Class A1 under BS EN 13501-1). It does not sustain combustion, emit toxic fumes, or produce flaming droplets, making it a safe component in systems requiring fire resistance, particularly in external zones and escape routes. However, when used in conjunction with sealants or gaskets, the fire classification of these additional materials must also be taken into account.

Design life: The expected service life of an aluminium sill is at least 40–50 years, provided proper usage conditions are maintained and the protective coating is intact. This aligns with typical service life expectations for aluminium components used in façade and window systems, as referenced in BS EN 1999-1-1 (Eurocode 9 — design of aluminium structures).

Testing regime: Testing may include assessment of corrosion resistance (BS EN ISO 9227 — salt spray testing), mechanical strength (including bending and impact resistance), coating adhesion (BS EN ISO 2409), and drainage performance as part of the window or façade assembly, in accordance with BS EN 1027 (water tightness) and BS EN 12208 (watertightness of windows and doors).

J-03-01 Aluminium reveal

General Information: An aluminium reveal is a supplementary façade component used to finish window and door openings within cladding systems. It provides a clean and durable aesthetic transition between the façade and frame, protects structural components from environmental exposure, and may serve a secondary function in water drainage away from the window or door assembly.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Although the aluminium reveal itself is not a thermal insulator, its design and installation must minimise thermal bridging, particularly at junctions with insulated façade elements. The use of thermal breaks, insulated backing strips, or compression gaskets is recommended to improve performance. Thermal transmittance of junction details should be assessed using BS EN ISO 10211, and overall façade performance calculated in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946.

Technical Considerations: The reveal must be fabricated from aluminium that complies with BS EN 485 (rolled products), BS EN 515 (temper designation), and BS EN 573-3 (alloy designation). It must resist deformation, UV exposure, discolouration, corrosion, and mechanical impact. Coating durability should meet BS EN 12206 (for powder-coated or anodised finishes). Proper integration with window frames and cladding panels is essential to prevent moisture ingress and maintain airtightness.

Fire Safety Considerations: Solid aluminium is a non-combustible material and is classified as Class A1 under BS EN 13501-1. However, as part of the window or door assembly in high-rise buildings (18m+), the reveal must be used within a façade system that meets the fire performance requirements of BS 8414 and BR 135. Care should be taken to ensure that no combustible materials are used in adjacent sealing or backing components.

Design Life: The expected service life of an aluminium reveal is 30 years or more, provided it is correctly installed, protected against galvanic corrosion (particularly at junctions with dissimilar metals), and maintained in accordance with manufacturer guidance. Design should comply with BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9 – Aluminium Structures).

Testing Regime: Typical performance testing includes:

• BS EN ISO 6892-1 – Tensile properties of aluminium

• BS EN 12206 – Coating durability and weathering resistance

• BS EN ISO 9227 – Corrosion resistance via salt spray testing

• BS EN 13501-1 – Reaction to fire (A1 classification)

• BS 8414 – Fire performance of the complete façade system (where required for buildings >18m)

J-05-01 Aluminium sheet (t-2mm)

General Information: Aluminium Sheet with a thickness of 2 mm is used in construction for façade cladding, ventilated systems, and as part of substructures. It is characterised by low weight, corrosion resistance, and high workability during fabrication and installation.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Aluminium has high thermal conductivity and does not provide insulation. When applied in façade systems, it must be combined with thermal insulation materials. The influence of thermal bridges and the coefficient of linear thermal expansion must be taken into account, in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.

Technical Considerations: Aluminium sheet (2 mm thick) must comply with BS EN 485 (Aluminium and aluminium alloys – Sheet, strip and plate) and BS EN 573 (Chemical composition and form of wrought aluminium alloys). Strength and durability are ensured through alloys defined in BS EN 485-2. When designing façades with aluminium sheets, BS EN 1999-1-1 (Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures) must be followed. For corrosion protection, anodising (BS EN 12373) or powder coating (BS EN 12206) is applied.

Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium is classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1 and is non-combustible. In façade systems, it does not contribute to fire spread. The fire performance of the complete system must be verified through testing in accordance with BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414.

Design Life: The expected service life of Aluminium Sheet (t = 2 mm) is at least 30 years when suitable protective finishes are applied and correct design principles are followed, in accordance with BS EN 1999-1-1 and BS EN 485.

Testing Regime: Sheets must undergo testing for mechanical properties (strength, stiffness, impact resistance) in accordance with BS EN 485-2, as well as corrosion resistance testing under BS EN ISO 9227. Within façade systems, aluminium panels must be fire tested in accordance with BS EN 13501-1/2 and BS 8414.

J-11-01 Aluminium sheet with perforation (t-2mm)

General Information: The 2 mm thick perforated aluminium sheet is used in construction for façade cladding, sun-shading screens, ventilation grilles, acoustic panels, and decorative elements, combining both functional and architectural purposes.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 10077 and BS EN ISO 6946, perforated aluminium panels can serve as sun-shading and ventilation elements, reducing the building’s thermal load by controlling solar radiation and providing natural ventilation. When integrated into façade systems, thermal bridging and compatibility with insulation layers must be considered.

Technical Considerations: Aluminium sheets must comply with BS EN 485 (aluminium and aluminium alloy sheet and strip), BS EN 515 (temper designation), and BS EN 573 (chemical composition of aluminium alloys). Perforations must be designed to meet strength and stiffness requirements in accordance with BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9 — design of aluminium structures). The assembly must withstand wind loads and service conditions.

Fire Safety Considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, aluminium is classified as A1 (non-combustible), ensuring no contribution to fire development. However, where coatings or paint systems are applied, their fire classification must be verified, with a minimum of A2-s1,d0.

Design Life: The expected service life of the perforated aluminium sheet is at least 30 years, provided the correct alloy is selected and corrosion protection is applied in accordance with BS EN 485 and BS EN 12206 (anodising and powder coating).

Testing Regime: Testing must be carried out in accordance with BS EN 485 (dimensional and mechanical properties), BS EN ISO 6892 (tensile testing of metals), and BS EN 12206 (coating quality). For façade applications, additional testing is carried out in accordance with BS EN 13830 (building envelope façade systems).

K-01-02 Aluminium Z-profile

General information: Aluminium Z-profiles are used as structural or fixing elements in façade, roofing and wall systems to connect and secure panels, cladding, and other building components. They provide installation accuracy, structural stability, and facilitate the assembly of modular elements.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 6946 (Thermal performance of building components) and BS EN ISO 10077 (Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters), aluminium Z-profiles have high thermal conductivity and can create thermal bridges. To minimise energy loss, it is recommended to use thermal breaks or insulating inserts between the profile and the façade elements.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 485 and BS EN 573 (Aluminium and aluminium alloys), Z-profiles must have sufficient strength, rigidity, and resistance to deformation under installation and service loads. The profile should be corrosion-resistant and compatible with other construction elements. Additionally, mounting holes and profile dimensions must meet design requirements to ensure reliable panel attachment.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, aluminium is non-combustible (A1). However, the profile may come into contact with combustible façade components, so the design should account for compatibility with fire-protective materials to comply with Approved Document B and ensure the fire safety of the façade system.

Design life: In accordance with BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures) and BS EN 485, the expected service life of an aluminium Z-profile is at least 30 years, provided it is correctly designed, installed, and protected against corrosion.

Testing regime: Testing of aluminium Z-profiles is conducted according to BS EN 573 and BS EN 755 (Aluminium and aluminium alloys – Extruded rod/bar, tube and profiles) for strength, rigidity, and corrosion resistance. Additional checks may include compatibility with façade systems and compliance with thermal bridge requirements in accordance with BS EN ISO 10077.

K-01-04 Aluminium angle (for cladding)

General information: The aluminium angle profile is employed in ventilated façade systems for the fixing, connection, and reinforcement of cladding panels, as well as for the formation of corner and joint details, ensuring precise alignment and structural stability.

Energy / Thermal considerations: From a thermal performance standpoint, the angle profile must be designed to minimise thermal bridging and comply with the requirements of BS EN ISO 10211, which governs the assessment of thermal bridges in building façades.

Technical considerations: Technical requirements are defined by BS EN 755 (for extruded aluminium profiles) and BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9), covering dimensional tolerances, mechanical strength, flexural resistance, and durability under external influences.

Fire safety considerations: In terms of fire safety, the aluminium angle profile must be classified as A1 in accordance with BS EN 13501-1, confirming its non-combustibility.

Design life: The expected service life is not less than 30 years, subject to correct installation and protection from aggressive environmental conditions, as specified in BS EN 1090 and BS EN 1999. Testing procedures may include verification of dimensional accuracy, mechanical strength, and corrosion resistance under operational conditions.

K-01-08 Aluminium strip

General Information: The Aluminium Strip is used in façade and structural systems as an auxiliary profile for alignment, fixing, joint formation, or local reinforcement of substructure components. Due to its low thickness and the high precision of the extrusion process, the element is suitable for installation in narrow interface zones and locations where minimal additional weight is required.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Aluminium strips exhibit high thermal conductivity, which necessitates careful consideration of potential thermal bridging within the assembly. Where the strip connects external and internal components, thermal isolators or thermal breaks should be incorporated in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946. If the strip is used externally, the optical properties of any applied coating (solar absorption and reflection) shall comply with BS EN 410.

Technical Considerations: The extruded aluminium profile shall comply with BS EN 755 and BS EN 12020 (Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Extruded profiles), ensuring accuracy of geometry, dimensional stability and material uniformity. Mechanical performance and structural capacity shall be evaluated in accordance with BS EN 1999-1-1 (Eurocode 9). For external applications, the strip shall be protected by anodising or powder coating in accordance with BS EN 12206 or BS EN 12373-1 to ensure corrosion resistance and durability.

Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium is classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1 and does not support combustion. However, within a façade system, the fire performance of the strip must be assessed as part of the overall assembly—including insulation and substructure—and validated through system testing in accordance with BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414.

Design Life: The expected service life of the Aluminium Strip (Extruded Elements) is not less than 30 years, provided correct installation practices are followed, protective coatings are applied, and routine maintenance is performed, in line with BS EN 1999 and BS EN 12206.

Testing Regime: The strip shall be tested for dimensional accuracy, mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and coating stability in accordance with BS EN 755-2, BS EN ISO 9227 and the BS EN 13523 series. As part of a façade system, the element shall be included in fire performance testing to BS EN 13501-1 and BS 8414

K-01-10 Aluminium profile

General Information: The Aluminium Profile is used in façade, interior, and structural systems as a versatile mounting or connecting element. The profile is suitable for forming rigid frames, securing cladding, supporting substructures, and ensuring precise positioning of elements due to the high geometric stability of the extrusion.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Aluminium has high thermal conductivity, which can lead to thermal bridging in assemblies. When used in building envelope constructions, thermal breaks, insulating pads, or separation inserts should be incorporated in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946. For external applications, the effect of surface coatings on solar absorption must be considered in accordance with BS EN 410.

Technical Considerations: The extruded aluminium profile shall comply with BS EN 755 and BS EN 12020 (Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Extruded profiles), ensuring geometric accuracy, mechanical strength, and material uniformity. Structural calculations shall be performed according to BS EN 1999-1-1 (Eurocode 9). For external applications, the profile shall be protected by anodising or powder coating in accordance with BS EN 12206 or BS EN 12373-1. The profile must withstand mechanical loads, including bending and torsion, without loss of shape.

Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium is classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1 and is non-combustible. Within a façade system, fire performance depends on the behaviour of the complete assembly, and where required, compliance shall be verified according to BS EN 13501-2 and system tests to BS 8414. The profile does not promote flame spread, though it loses mechanical strength at high temperatures, which must be considered in joint and connection design.

Design Life: The expected service life of the Aluminium Profile (Extruded Elements) is not less than 30 years, provided corrosion protection requirements are observed, durable coatings are applied, and installation is performed correctly, in accordance with BS EN 1999 and BS EN 12206.

Testing Regime: The profile shall be tested for dimensional accuracy, mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and coating durability in accordance with BS EN 755-2, BS EN ISO 9227, and the BS EN 13523 series. When used in façade or structural systems, the element shall be included in fire performance testing according to BS EN 13501-1 and BS 8414

K-02-01 Stainless steel angle

General Information: A stainless steel angle is an L-shaped profile used in façade and building systems for fastening, supporting, and connecting various components, including brackets, rails, and cladding panels. It is employed in primary and secondary connections, providing rigidity, stability, and accurate positioning of structural elements.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Stainless steel angles can create thermal bridges where they intersect insulation. To reduce heat loss, it is recommended to use thermal break pads or insulating inserts and to perform thermal analysis of connections in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946, ensuring compliance with the energy efficiency requirements of Building Regulations Part L.

Technical Considerations: Angles must be fabricated from stainless steel in accordance with BS EN 10088 (grades AISI 304 or 316, depending on the corrosion exposure category per BS EN ISO 9223). The product must comply with BS EN 1090-1 (assessment of conformity of steel structures) and be designed in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-1 and BS EN 1993-1-8 (Eurocode 3: design of steel structures and connections). Profile dimensions and thickness are selected based on structural capacity and wind load calculations. Fasteners should comply with BS EN ISO 3506-1 / -2.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is non-combustible with a reaction-to-fire classification of A1 under BS EN 13501-1. The angles do not contribute to flame spread or smoke production. For buildings over 18 m, angles may be used provided the complete façade system has been fire-tested in accordance with BS 8414 and assessed to BR 135.

Design Life: The expected service life of stainless steel angles is at least 60 years, given correct selection of stainless steel grade and operating conditions, in accordance with BS EN ISO 9223 and BS EN 1993 (Eurocode 3).

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

• BS EN 10088 (chemical composition and properties of stainless steel);

• BS EN 1090-1 (assessment of conformity of steel structures);

• BS EN ISO 6892-1 (tensile strength and yield limit testing);

• BS EN ISO 9227 (corrosion resistance testing — salt spray);

• BS EN ISO 3506-1 / -2 (mechanical properties of stainless steel fasteners);

• BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire — classification A1);

• BS 8414 and BR 135 (façade system fire performance, if applicable)

K-02-05 Stainless steel U-profile

General Information: The Stainless Steel U-profile is used in façade, structural, and substructure applications as a load-bearing, guiding, or reinforcing element. It is suitable for securing cladding panels, supporting substructures, forming rigid frames, and providing accurate installation lines, ensuring high mechanical strength and resistance to stress.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Stainless steel has high thermal conductivity, so when used in building envelopes, the potential for thermal bridging must be considered. To minimise heat loss, insulating pads, thermal breaks, or separation elements should be applied in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946. For external applications, solar heat gain effects should also be considered in accordance with BS EN 410.

Technical Considerations: The profile shall comply with BS EN 10088 and BS EN ISO 3506 (Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant stainless steel). The U-profile must have high rigidity against bending and torsion, ensuring subsystem stability under wind and operational loads. Load-bearing calculations shall be performed in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-1 and BS EN 1993-1-8 (Eurocode 3). Stainless steel must provide corrosion resistance, particularly in aggressive environments, as verified according to BS EN ISO 9227.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1 and is non-combustible. Within a façade system, the performance of the profile is assessed together with other components according to BS EN 13501-2. Subsystems using U-profiles must, where required, verify fire performance via system tests in accordance with BS 8414. Stainless steel retains part of its load-bearing capacity at elevated temperatures, as considered in BS EN 1993-1-2 (structural fire design).

Design Life: The expected service life of the Stainless Steel U-profile is at least 30 years, provided correct installation, use of a stainless steel grade with appropriate corrosion resistance (e.g., A4), and regular maintenance, in accordance with BS EN 1993 and BS EN ISO 3506.

Testing Regime: The profile shall be tested for mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, geometric accuracy, and surface stability in accordance with BS EN 10088, BS EN ISO 3506, and BS EN ISO 9227. Within a façade system, the element shall participate in fire performance tests according to BS EN 13501-1 and BS 8414

L-01-01 Internal wall finish

General information: Internal wall finish is applied to provide interior surfaces with the required functional and decorative properties. Depending on the design specification, this may include plaster, plasterboard sheets, cladding panels, or paint. Internal finishes ensure surface smoothness, substrate protection, and an aesthetically pleasing interior appearance.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 13788 and BS EN ISO 6946, internal finishes influence the vapour permeability of the building envelope and, to a lesser extent, the thermal performance of the wall. When used as part of insulated wall systems, consideration must be given to the finish’s ability to regulate moisture conditions, preventing condensation and maintaining the calculated thermal resistance.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13914 (plastering), BS EN 520 (plasterboards), and BS EN 15102 (wallcoverings and panels), internal finishes must provide adequate adhesion to the substrate, resistance to mechanical damage, abrasion resistance, and hygienic performance. Installation should comply with relevant standards, ensuring quality control of joints and surface flatness.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, finishing materials are classified by reaction to fire. Mineral plasters and plasterboards are generally classified as A1 or A2 (non-combustible), whereas decorative coatings (paints, panels) may fall into lower classes such as B or C. Design must also consider BS EN 13501-2 requirements to achieve the necessary fire resistance of the wall system as a whole.

Design life: Expected design life: 20–30 years according to BS EN 13914 and BS EN 520, provided correct installation and regular maintenance are carried out. Service life depends on the type of finish, operating conditions, and the intensity of mechanical impact.

Testing regime: According to BS EN 520 and BS EN 15102, finishes are tested for flexural strength (for sheet materials), adhesion to substrate, abrasion resistance, and resistance to moisture and temperature variations. Additional classification is carried out for reaction to fire in accordance with BS EN 13501-1.

L-01-02 Floor build up(internal)

General information: Internal floor build-up represents the structural layers of a floor within a building, including the substrate, insulation, leveling, and finishing layers. It provides strength, durability, sound and thermal insulation, and serves as a base for floor coverings in residential and commercial spaces.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 6946 (Thermal performance of building components) and BS EN ISO 10211 (Thermal bridges in building construction), the internal floor “sandwich” must minimise heat loss and thermal bridging. Insulation materials used (mineral wool, expanded polystyrene, PIR, etc.) are selected to achieve regulatory thermal resistance and maintain the energy efficiency of the space.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 1264 (Heating systems in buildings – Embedded water heating systems) and BS EN 13813 (Screed material and floor screeds – Properties and requirements), the floor construction must be designed for operational loads, durability, and compatibility with building services (e.g., underfloor heating). Materials should provide sufficient strength, moisture resistance, minimal deformation, and stability against shrinkage.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, floor materials are classified by reaction to fire. Insulation and floor layers must demonstrate appropriate non-combustibility or limited combustibility (e.g., A1 or A2-s1,d0) to ensure occupant safety and prevent fire spread through internal floor structures.

Design life: In accordance with BS EN 13813 and BS EN ISO 15686 (Buildings and constructed assets – Service life planning), the expected service life of an internal floor is at least 30 years when properly designed, installed, and maintained, including timely servicing and moisture protection.

Testing regime: Testing of internal floor build-ups is carried out according to BS EN 13813 (strength and wear resistance of screed), BS EN 1264 (compatibility with embedded water heating systems), BS EN 13501-1 (fire performance and reaction to fire), and BS EN 1307 (classification of floor coverings for durability and wear resistance).

L-01-03 Ceiling build up(internal)

General information: Internal ceiling build-up represents the structural layers of a ceiling within a room, including the supporting framework, acoustic and thermal insulation layers, and the finishing surface. It provides acoustic comfort, thermal insulation, aesthetic finishing, and protection of structural elements from external influences.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 6946 (Thermal performance of building components) and BS EN ISO 10211 (Thermal bridges in building construction), internal ceiling constructions should help reduce heat loss and minimise thermal bridges. Insulation materials such as mineral wool or PIR boards are selected to achieve the required thermal resistance and maintain the energy efficiency of the space.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13964 (Suspended ceilings – Requirements and test methods) and BS EN 520 (Gypsum plasterboards – Definitions, requirements and test methods), ceiling constructions must provide sufficient strength, deformation resistance, and compatibility with building services (lighting, ventilation, fire detection). Materials should be moisture-resistant, durable, and able to withstand mechanical damage during service.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, ceiling materials are classified by reaction to fire. Internal ceiling layers and panels should be non-combustible or of limited combustibility (e.g., A1 or A2-s1,d0), ensuring fire protection and compliance with Approved Document B.

Design life: In accordance with BS EN 13964 and BS EN ISO 15686 (Buildings and constructed assets – Service life planning), the expected service life of an internal ceiling is at least 30 years when properly designed, installed, and maintained, including protection against moisture and mechanical impacts.

Testing regime: Testing of ceiling constructions is carried out according to BS EN 13964 (load-bearing capacity and stability of suspended systems), BS EN 520 (strength and moisture resistance of gypsum plasterboards), and BS EN 13501-1 (fire performance and reaction to fire). Additionally, acoustic testing may be performed in accordance with BS EN ISO 140 and 717 to verify sound-absorbing properties.

L-03-05 Balcony floor build up

General information: Balcony floor build-up represents the structural layers of a balcony floor, including the supporting slab, thermal and waterproofing layers, leveling layer, and finishing surface. It ensures the durability of the structure, protection against weather effects, and comfortable use of the balcony surface.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 6946 (Thermal performance of building components) and BS EN ISO 10211 (Thermal bridges in building construction), balcony floor constructions should minimise thermal bridges, particularly at the junction with internal spaces. Rigid insulation materials (e.g., PIR or stone wool) are used to achieve the required thermal resistance and prevent condensation formation.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 1992 (Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures) and BS EN 13369 (Common rules for precast concrete products), balcony floor layers must withstand service loads, resist deformation, moisture exposure, and freeze-thaw cycles. Waterproofing membranes and protective coatings are selected based on durability and compatibility with finishing materials.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, materials used (waterproofing, insulation, and finishes) should be non-combustible or of limited combustibility (e.g., A1 or A2-s1,d0), preventing fire spread and ensuring compliance with fire safety requirements for external building elements.

Design life: In accordance with BS EN 1992 and BS EN ISO 15686 (Buildings and constructed assets – Service life planning), the expected service life of a balcony floor construction is at least 30 years, provided it is properly designed, installed, and maintained, including regular inspection of waterproofing and protective coatings.

Testing regime: Testing of balcony floors is carried out according to BS EN 13369 (strength and durability of concrete elements), BS EN 12390 (concrete testing), and BS EN 13501-1 (fire performance of materials). Waterproofing membranes are tested for watertightness and UV resistance, while finishing surfaces are assessed for wear resistance and slip resistance.

M-01-01 Horizontal fire barrier (open)

General Information: A horizontal fire barrier (open type) is a passive fire protection component installed within the cavity of ventilated façade systems. It is designed to restrict the vertical spread of fire and smoke between floors or compartments by sealing the cavity in the event of fire, while allowing ventilation and drainage under normal operating conditions. These barriers are typically installed at floor slab levels, window openings, and other fire-critical junctions.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: While its primary role is fire safety, the barrier can influence the façade's thermal continuity. To avoid cold bridging, it must be integrated without interrupting the insulation layer. This requires accurate detailing and alignment with mineral wool or other insulative materials. Thermal performance should be assessed in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridges) and overall façade U-value calculations as per BS EN ISO 6946. A correctly installed fire barrier should not negatively impact thermal performance.

Technical Considerations: Barriers are typically constructed from non-combustible materials such as rock mineral wool encased in aluminium foil and secured with stainless steel fixings. They must allow unimpeded cavity ventilation under normal conditions and rapidly activate to seal the cavity under fire exposure. Design and installation must comply with BS 9991, BS 9999, and product-specific standards such as BS 476 Parts 20–22 or BS EN 1364-4 / BS EN 1366-4, depending on classification. All installations must follow the system manufacturer’s certified fire detail drawings and be compatible with the cladding system.

Fire Safety Considerations: The fire barrier must achieve a tested fire resistance rating of EI30 or EI60 (depending on project requirements) in accordance with BS EN 13501-2. Fire performance must also be verified as part of the complete façade system per BS 8414, with compliance assessed to BR 135. Materials used in the barrier must meet reaction-to-fire classification A1 or A2-s1,d0 under BS EN 13501-1. Horizontal and vertical cavity barriers are mandatory in high-rise buildings over 18 metres.

Design Life: The expected service life of the fire barrier should match or exceed that of the façade system—minimum 30 years—assuming correct specification and installation. Long-term durability requires non-combustible, corrosion-resistant materials such as stainless steel and stone wool, and adherence to relevant design codes including BS EN 1991 and BS 9999.

Testing Regime: Relevant testing includes:

• BS EN 1364-4 / BS EN 1366-4 / BS 476 Parts 20–22 – Fire resistance performance of cavity barriers

• BS EN 13501-1 – Reaction to fire classification of materials

• BS EN 13501-2 – Fire resistance classification (EI30 / EI60)

• BS 8414 + BR 135 – Full-scale façade fire testing

• Additional product-specific testing under simulated real fire conditions, to confirm cavity sealing behaviour under high temperature and pressure.

M-01-04 Fire-stop

General Information: Fire-Stop is used to seal penetrations, joints, and gaps in building structures to prevent the spread of fire, smoke, and hot gases between sections of a building. It is applied in walls, floors, façades, and around service installations.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The element must provide airtightness without creating thermal bridges. In insulated systems or ventilated façades, Fire-Stop must be compatible with insulation materials and should not reduce the energy efficiency of the building, in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.

Technical Considerations: Fire-Stop must maintain integrity and functionality under temperature fluctuations, vibration, and structural movement. The material should comply with BS EN 1366 (Fire resistance tests for service installations) and provide ease of installation and durability of connections.

Fire Safety Considerations: Fire-Stop is classified according to BS EN 13501-2 and ensures the fire resistance of floors, walls, and façades. The material prevents the spread of fire and smoke, and its performance is verified through fire resistance (EI) and smoke control testing in accordance with BS EN 1366 and BS 476.

Design Life: The expected service life of Fire-Stop is at least 30 years, provided it is installed and maintained correctly, in line with manufacturer recommendations and BS EN 1366 requirements.

Testing Regime: The material must be tested for fire resistance, smoke permeability, and durability, including tests under BS EN 1366-3 (penetration seals) and BS EN 1366-4 (linear joint seals). Compatibility with various building and service materials must also be verified.

M-02-01 Vertical cavity closer

General Information: A vertical cavity closer is a passive fire protection element installed within ventilated façade cavities to restrict the vertical spread of fire and smoke. It is typically used at vertical joints, abutments, panel interfaces, and the edges of window and door openings. The closer acts as a fire barrier by sealing the cavity and limiting fire propagation through the façade void.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: While its primary function is fire containment, the cavity closer must be installed to maintain thermal continuity and prevent thermal bridging. It should integrate seamlessly with the insulation layer of the façade system. Materials used—such as foil-faced mineral wool—offer low thermal conductivity. Thermal performance and detailing should be evaluated in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridges) and BS EN ISO 6946 (overall U-value calculations).

Technical Considerations: The closer must be robust, dimensionally stable, and resistant to weathering and mechanical impact throughout its service life. It should form a tight, continuous seal against adjacent cladding components without compromising necessary ventilation clearances, if applicable. Typically constructed from non-combustible mineral wool encased in aluminium foil or galvanised steel. Structural and installation performance must comply with BS EN 1366-4 and BS EN 1090 (execution of steel/aluminium structures).

Fire Safety Considerations: Vertical cavity closers must achieve a fire resistance rating of at least EI30 (EI60 for buildings over 18 metres in height), and all components must meet fire reaction classifications of A1 or A2-s1,d0 under BS EN 13501-1. The closer must effectively limit vertical flame and smoke spread within the façade cavity. Compliance with BS 8414 (full-scale fire testing) and BR 135 (performance assessment) is mandatory, especially in high-rise or high-risk buildings. Closers must be installed in critical areas, including junctions, window openings, and interfaces between façade segments.

Design Life: The expected service life is at least 30 years, provided that the closer is made from durable, non-combustible materials and is installed in accordance with the system manufacturer’s guidance and relevant British Standards, including BS EN 1991 (actions on structures) and BS 9991 (fire safety in residential buildings).

Testing Regime: Vertical cavity closers must undergo the following testing:

• BS EN 1366-4 / BS EN 1363-1 – Fire resistance testing of service installations

• BS EN 13501-1 – Reaction to fire classification (A1 / A2-s1,d0)

• BS EN 13501-2 – Classification based on fire resistance performance (EI30 / EI60)

• BS 8414 + BR 135 – Full-scale fire performance testing of the façade system

• For systems incorporating intumescent components: thermal activation testing to validate expansion behaviour and sealing performance under fire conditions.

M-03-01 Support bracket (fire)

General Information: A fire-rated support bracket is a mounting component designed to secure façade elements while meeting fire safety requirements. It is used to fix cladding systems and fire barriers, ensuring stability and reliability under fire conditions.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Due to the high thermal conductivity of metals, the bracket should minimise thermal bridging. The use of thermal breaks or insulating pads at fixing points is recommended to reduce heat loss. The impact of the bracket on the thermal performance of the façade must be assessed according to BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridges) and BS EN ISO 6946 (overall thermal transmittance).

Technical Considerations: Brackets are typically manufactured from stainless steel or aluminium alloys with high strength and corrosion resistance, compliant with BS EN 1090-1 and BS EN 1993 (steel structures). The design must withstand calculated loads including cladding weight and wind pressure, while accommodating thermal expansion and contraction without compromising structural integrity.

Fire Safety Considerations: Materials used for the bracket must be non-combustible and achieve a minimum reaction to fire classification of A1 under BS EN 13501-1. The bracket must maintain load-bearing capacity for the duration required to support the fire barrier system, in accordance with fire resistance standards such as BS 476 and BS EN 1363.

Design Life: The expected service life is at least 30 years, assuming correct installation and maintenance. Corrosion protection methods, including stainless steel grade selection or protective coatings, extend durability in various environments.

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

• Mechanical strength and tensile testing in accordance with BS EN ISO 6892-1

• Corrosion resistance assessment via salt spray testing per BS EN ISO 9227

• Fire resistance evaluation within the system context according to BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414

N-01-01 Silicone sealant (for external)

General information: Silicone sealant is used for sealing construction joints, connections between façade elements, windows, doors, glazing units, as well as junctions between different materials. It provides water- and air-tightness, accommodates structural movement, and protects against moisture, dust and air infiltration.

Energy / Thermal considerations: Silicone sealants help ensure building envelope airtightness, reducing thermal losses through joints and seams. When combined with thermal insulation materials and proper installation, they contribute to compliance with air- and moisture-tightness requirements in accordance with BS EN 1026 (air permeability) and BS EN ISO 6946 (thermal performance calculation). They also prevent thermal bridging in window and façade details.

Technical considerations: Technical characteristics are regulated by BS EN 15651 (sealants for non-structural applications, including façades, windows and sanitary joints). Silicone sealant must exhibit high elasticity, adhesion to various substrates (glass, metal, PVC, concrete), and resistance to UV radiation and ageing. It should accommodate joint movement of up to ±25% or more, depending on the class. For exterior applications, compliance with movement capability and weather resistance requirements (Type F-EXT-INT according to BS EN 15651-1) is essential.

Fire safety considerations:
Most silicone sealants are classified as combustible (typically Class E or lower per BS EN 13501-1). However, special fire-resistant sealants for fire protection details may achieve classifications up to B-s1,d0 or even EI classes when tested as part of an assembly (per BS EN 1366-4 and BS EN 13501-2). Appropriate sealants must be selected according to project fire resistance requirements.

Design life: The expected service life of silicone sealant ranges from 20 to 30 years depending on environmental conditions, application quality and maintenance of proper temperature/humidity conditions. For exterior applications and movement joints, regular inspection is recommended. Durability is determined based on testing according to BS EN ISO 11600 and BS EN 15651.

Testing regime: Silicone sealants are tested to:

• BS EN ISO 11600 (evaluation of elasticity, adhesion, ageing resistance)

• BS EN 15651 (Parts 1-4: façades, glazing, sanitary applications, pavement joints)

• BS EN 13501-1 or BS EN 1366-4 for fire resistance testing

• Additional tests assess resistance to UV radiation, humidity, extreme temperatures and chemical exposure.

Z-01-01 Concrete slab

General information: Reinforced concrete floor slabs are designed to create load-bearing structures that distribute loads and form horizontal surfaces in buildings and civil engineering structures.

Energy/Thermal considerations: Concrete slabs must account for thermal inertia and comply with energy efficiency requirements in accordance with BS EN ISO 13786. When used in building envelope applications, they must meet thermal transmittance (U-value) requirements as specified in BS EN ISO 6946.

Technical considerations: Slabs must be designed for strength, stiffness and stability in compliance with BS EN 1992-1-1 (Eurocode 2). Reinforcement specifications, thickness and concrete grade are determined by design loads. Permissible deflections and crack resistance are regulated by BS EN 1990 and BS EN 13670.

Fire safety considerations: The fire resistance of concrete slabs must meet Class R (load-bearing capacity) and, where required, Class EI (thermal insulation and integrity) as defined in BS EN 13501-2. Minimum concrete cover thickness for reinforcement is specified in BS EN 1992-1-2.

Design life: The design service life of reinforced concrete slabs is a minimum of 50 years when maintained according to operational requirements and BS EN 1990 (structural reliability) specifications.

Testing regime: Quality control testing includes:

• Compressive strength testing (BS EN 12390-3)

• Freeze-thaw resistance (BS EN 12390-9)

• Water permeability (BS EN 12390-8)

• Reinforcement compliance verification (BS EN 10080)

• Non-destructive testing may also be conducted (BS EN 12504-2)

Z-01-02 Concrete column

General information: A concrete column is used as a vertical load-bearing element of a building, transferring loads from floors and beams to the foundation. Columns provide stiffness and stability to the structure and are widely applied in both civil and industrial construction.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 13788, concrete columns have high thermal conductivity and may act as thermal bridges within the building envelope. To reduce heat loss, the use of thermal insulation materials or thermal break solutions is required at junctions between the column and external envelope elements.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 1992-1-1 (Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures), concrete columns must provide adequate load-bearing capacity under compression, bending, and torsion, as well as ensure crack resistance and stability. The properties of concrete and reinforcement must comply with BS EN 206 (concrete) and BS EN 1992-1-1 (reinforcement). Geometry, reinforcement, and execution class must ensure durability and conformity to the design loads.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-2, concrete columns can provide a fire resistance rating of REI 90–240 depending on their dimensions, concrete class, and reinforcement cover thickness. Under BS EN 13501-1, concrete is classified as a non-combustible material (Class A1), guaranteeing no contribution to fire or smoke production.

Design life: Expected design life: 50–100 years according to BS EN 1992-1-1 and BS EN 206, provided the correct concrete class is selected, reinforcement cover is ensured, and protection against aggressive environments is applied.

Testing regime: According to BS EN 206 and BS EN 1992-1-1, concrete columns are tested for compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, crack resistance, frost resistance, and durability under exposure to aggressive environments. Additional fire resistance testing is carried out in accordance with BS EN 1363-1 and BS EN 13501-2

Z-01-03 Concrete upstand

General information: A concrete upstand is used to create a watertight barrier at roof, terrace, balcony and other construction junctions, preventing water ingress into the building.

Energy/Thermal considerations: The concrete upstand must account for thermal bridging at interfaces with other building elements. Thermal insulation requirements and energy loss minimisation are regulated by BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 14683.

Technical considerations: The structure must possess adequate strength and resistance to mechanical impacts. Upstand height and thickness are determined in accordance with:

• BS 6229 (for flat roofs)

• BS EN 1992-1-1 (for concrete structures)\

• Waterproofing must comply with BS EN 14909 or BS 8102.

Fire safety considerations: As a non-combustible element, concrete upstands typically achieve Class A1 per BS EN 13501-1. When combined with other materials (e.g., waterproofing membranes), their fire classification must be considered.

Design life: The expected service life of a concrete upstand is minimum 30 years when properly designed, installed and waterproofed in compliance with BS 7543 (durability of building constructions).

Testing regime: Quality control includes:

• Concrete compressive strength testing (BS EN 12390-3)

• Water permeability testing (BS EN 12390-8)

• Freeze-thaw resistance (BS EN 12390-9)

• Waterproofing material adhesion and elasticity testing (BS EN 14891)

Z-01-05 Concrete wall

General Information: Concrete walls are used in construction as load-bearing or envelope elements, providing structural strength to the building, protection from external influences, and shaping the architectural appearance.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: In accordance with BS EN 1745 and BS EN ISO 6946, concrete walls must provide the required thermal insulation, maintain the designed thermal transmittance (U-value), and minimise thermal bridging. Where necessary, wall constructions may include insulation layers or be used as part of composite wall systems.

Technical Considerations: Concrete walls must comply with BS EN 206 (concrete — specification, performance, production, and conformity), BS EN 1992-1-1 (Eurocode 2 — design of concrete structures), and BS EN 13670 (execution of concrete structures). The construction must provide the required strength, load-bearing capacity, durability, and resistance to shrinkage and thermal deformation.

Fire Safety Considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, concrete is classified as A1 (non-combustible), ensuring minimal contribution to fire development and no smoke production. Concrete walls provide high fire resistance and can be used for fire-rated partitions.

Design Life: The expected service life of a concrete wall is at least 50 years, provided design requirements, concrete quality, and service conditions are met, in accordance with BS EN 1990 and BS EN 206.

Testing Regime: Testing of concrete walls must be carried out in accordance with BS EN 12390 (testing of concrete specimens for strength), BS EN 1992-1-1 (design and actual structural strength), and BS EN 13670 (quality control of concrete execution). Additional tests may include frost resistance, water impermeability, and long-term durability.