Annotations

A-01-03 Aluminium Stick Curtain Wall System

General Information: The aluminium stick curtain wall system is used as an external envelope of a building, providing protection against environmental influences while defining the architectural appearance. The system comprises vertical and horizontal aluminium profiles assembled on site, which support either glazed or opaque infill panels.

Energy/Thermal Considerations: In accordance with the requirements of BS EN 13830, aluminium stick curtain wall systems must provide adequate thermal insulation to reduce heat loss. The thermal transmittance (U-value) must comply with the applicable standards for façade systems and varies depending on the type of infill and the presence of a thermal break. Air and water tightness must also be ensured in line with BS EN 12153 and BS EN 12155.

Technical Considerations: The system must be capable of withstanding wind loads and provide structural stability in accordance with BS EN 13116. All profiles and components used should exhibit corrosion resistance and meet strength and deformation criteria as specified in BS EN 13830. Additionally, aluminium systems must be designed to accommodate thermal expansion without compromising air or water tightness, or the overall integrity of the construction.

Fire Safety Considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13501-1, aluminium façade elements with non-combustible infill materials can achieve a fire performance classification of A2-s1,d0, indicating very limited combustibility, minimal smoke production, and no flaming droplets. The selection of infill and insulation materials must take into account their reaction to fire as per relevant regulations.

Design Life: The expected service life of the system is 30 years, as per BS EN 13830, provided that the system is correctly designed, installed, and subjected to regular maintenance.

Testing Regime: Testing includes assessments for air permeability (BS EN 12152), water tightness (BS EN 12154), resistance to wind load (BS EN 13116), thermal performance (BS EN ISO 10077-2), and acoustic insulation where applicable

C-10-01 Stainless steel support bracket system

General Information: The Stainless Steel Support Bracket System is used in ventilated façade systems with terracotta cladding panels. The system transfers vertical and horizontal loads from the cladding to the building’s load-bearing structure, ensures accurate alignment of the substructure, provides stability to the panels, and contributes to the durability of the façade solution.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Stainless steel has high thermal conductivity; therefore, thermal bridges may occur at fixing points within terracotta cladding assemblies. To minimise heat loss, thermal break pads and insulating elements should be incorporated in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946. The design must ensure continuity of the thermal insulation layer behind the façade and reduce point thermal losses.

Technical Considerations: Brackets and substructure components shall be manufactured from stainless steel compliant with BS EN 10088 and BS EN ISO 3506, ensuring high strength, corrosion resistance, and resistance to long-term operational loads. System performance must satisfy the requirements of BS EN 1993-1-1 and BS EN 1993-1-8 (Eurocode 3) with respect to structural capacity and connections.
The substructure must withstand the self-weight of terracotta panels, wind loads, and dynamic effects. Geometric tolerances, installation accuracy, and compatibility with supporting profiles shall comply with the manufacturer’s requirements and BS EN 1090-3.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1 and is non-combustible. However, the fire performance of the façade is determined by the combined behaviour of the cladding, substructure, insulation, and fixings. Substructures incorporating stainless steel brackets must comply with BS EN 13501-2 and, where required, demonstrate system-level fire performance through BS 8414 testing and assessment in accordance with BR 135.

Design Life: The expected service life of the Stainless Steel Support Bracket System (Terracotta Cladding System) is at least 30 years, provided a corrosion-resistant stainless steel grade (such as A4) is used, and correct design and installation practices are followed, in accordance with BS EN 1993 and BS EN ISO 3506.

Testing Regime: The system shall undergo testing for mechanical strength, load-bearing capacity, shear, and pull-out resistance in accordance with BS EN ISO 3506 and BS EN 10088. Corrosion resistance shall be assessed in accordance with BS EN ISO 9227. As part of a façade assembly, the system shall be tested for fire performance in accordance with BS EN 13501-1, BS EN 13501-2, and the system test BS 8414.

C-10-02 Stainless steel support bracket

General Information: The Stainless Steel Support Bracket is used in ventilated façade substructures with terracotta cladding and serves to transfer vertical and horizontal loads from the panels to the building’s load-bearing structure. The bracket ensures correct positioning and installation of the rails, as well as the overall stability of the system under operational and climatic loads.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Stainless steel has high thermal conductivity; therefore, the formation of thermal bridges must be considered when installing brackets. To reduce heat loss and prevent condensation, thermal isolating pads or spacers should be placed between the bracket and the load-bearing wall in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211. The substructure must maintain the continuity of the thermal insulation layer behind the cladding.

Technical Considerations: The bracket shall be manufactured from stainless steel compliant with BS EN 10088 and BS EN ISO 3506, providing high strength, rigidity, and corrosion resistance. Structural load-bearing calculations shall be carried out in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-1 and BS EN 1993-1-8 (Eurocode 3). The component must withstand the self-weight of the terracotta panels and wind actions in accordance with BS EN 1991-1-4. Tolerances and geometric accuracy shall meet the requirements of BS EN 1090-3.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1 and is non-combustible. The fire performance of the façade system depends on the interaction of the bracket with the insulation and cladding materials. System fire safety must be verified in accordance with BS EN 13501-2, as well as through system testing to BS 8414 with assessment according to BR 135 where required.

Design Life: The expected service life of the Stainless Steel Support Bracket is at least 30 years, provided that an A4 grade or similarly corrosion-resistant stainless steel is used, and appropriate design and installation practices are followed, in accordance with BS EN 1993 and BS EN ISO 3506.

Testing Regime: The bracket shall undergo testing for tensile, shear and pull-out resistance in accordance with BS EN ISO 3506 and BS EN 10088. Corrosion resistance shall be validated in accordance with BS EN ISO 9227. As part of a façade system, fire performance shall be confirmed in accordance with BS EN 13501-1, BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414 testing

C-10-03 Stainless steel vertical rail

General Information: The Stainless Steel Vertical Rail is used within ventilated façade systems with terracotta cladding and functions as the primary load-bearing element for supporting terracotta panels. The vertical rails ensure even load distribution, accurate panel positioning, and the formation of a stable façade substructure.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: As a stainless steel component, the vertical profile has high thermal conductivity, which may lead to the formation of local thermal bridges. To minimise heat losses, thermal break pads must be used and the thermal performance of the connections must be considered in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211. The rail design must allow for the installation of a continuous layer of thermal insulation behind the façade system without interruptions.

Technical Considerations: The vertical profile shall be manufactured from stainless steel compliant with BS EN 10088 and BS EN ISO 3506, ensuring high corrosion resistance and structural rigidity. The load-bearing capacity of the rails shall be assessed in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-1 and BS EN 1993-1-8 (Eurocode 3). The element must withstand the self-weight of the terracotta panels, wind pressure and operational loads in accordance with BS EN 1991-1-4. Geometric stability, tolerances and manufacturing quality shall meet the requirements of BS EN 1090-3.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1 and is non-combustible. The vertical rail maintains structural integrity when exposed to elevated temperatures within the limits of BS EN 13501-2. The overall fire performance of the façade system is determined by the combined behaviour of the rails, fixings, insulation and cladding, and must be confirmed by system testing in accordance with BS 8414 and assessment to BR 135.

Design Life: The expected service life of the Stainless Steel Vertical Rail is at least 30 years, provided that a highly corrosion-resistant stainless steel grade (such as A4) is used and that design and installation requirements are properly followed, in accordance with BS EN 1993 and BS EN ISO 3506.

Testing Regime: The element shall undergo testing for mechanical strength, load-bearing capacity and bending resistance in accordance with BS EN 10088 and BS EN 1993. Corrosion resistance shall be verified in accordance with BS EN ISO 9227. As part of the façade system, fire performance shall be certified in accordance with BS EN 13501-1, BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414 system testing

C-10-04 Metal horizontal rail

General Information: The metal horizontal rail is used in ventilated façade systems to provide secure and stable support for terracotta cladding panels, ensuring uniform load distribution and precise alignment during installation.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: From a thermal performance perspective, the rail must minimise thermal bridging in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211, thereby maintaining the energy efficiency of the façade system.

Technical Considerations: Technical requirements are defined by BS EN 1993 (Eurocode 3) and BS EN 1090, which cover structural strength, dimensional accuracy, and corrosion resistance to ensure long-term reliability and performance.

Fire Safety Considerations: In terms of fire safety, the metal rail must achieve a Class A1 rating under BS EN 13501-1, confirming its non-combustibility.

Design Life: The expected service life is no less than 30 years, in compliance with BS EN 1090 and BS EN 845-1, assuming proper installation and maintenance.

Testing Regime: Performance testing may include assessment of mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and resistance to environmental and climatic impacts.

C-13-01 Aluminium frame profile

General Information: The Aluminium Frame Profile is used in façade and translucent systems incorporating polycarbonate panels. The profile provides structural fixing for polycarbonate sheets, transfers loads to the supporting structure, ensures the sealing of joints, and forms a stable and durable building envelope element.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Aluminium has high thermal conductivity; therefore, when using aluminium profiles, the formation of linear thermal bridges must be considered. To improve energy efficiency, the use of thermal break inserts, gaskets and correctly detailed junctions is recommended in accordance with BS EN ISO 10077-2 and BS EN ISO 6946. The system must ensure airflow control and moisture protection in accordance with BS EN 12114 and BS EN 1027.

Technical Considerations: The aluminium profile shall comply with BS EN 755 (extruded aluminium) and BS EN 12020. The profile must provide adequate stiffness, corrosion resistance and geometric accuracy to ensure secure fixing of polycarbonate panels. Load-bearing capacity and connections shall be verified in accordance with BS EN 1999-1-1 (Eurocode 9). The element must resist wind loads, self-weight and thermal movement of polycarbonate, in line with BS EN 1991-1-4.

Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium is classified as A1 in accordance with BS EN 13501-1 and is non-combustible. However, the fire resistance of assemblies incorporating polycarbonate cladding must be assessed holistically, as polycarbonate panels have lower reaction-to-fire classifications. Fixing details and frames shall comply with BS EN 13501-2. Use in areas with enhanced fire performance requirements must be validated through appropriate testing.

Design Life: The expected service life of the Aluminium Frame Profile is at least 30 years in accordance with BS EN 1999 and BS EN 755, provided that installation requirements, protection against galvanic corrosion and correct gasket selection are observed.

Testing Regime: The profile shall be tested for strength, stiffness and deformation resistance in accordance with BS EN 1999-1-1. Additional system testing includes air permeability (BS EN 12152), water tightness (BS EN 12154) and wind resistance (BS EN 13116). Corrosion resistance shall be confirmed in accordance with BS EN ISO 9227

C-13-02 Aluminium connector

General Information: The Aluminium Connector is used in polycarbonate façade and roofing glazing systems to join and fix polycarbonate panels to each other or to aluminium frames. It ensures joint sealing, structural stability and uniform load transfer to the supporting substructure.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Aluminium connectors have high thermal conductivity, which can lead to linear thermal bridges. To improve energy efficiency, the use of thermal break pads, gaskets and optimised connection details is recommended in accordance with BS EN ISO 10077-2 and BS EN ISO 6946. The connector must provide correct alignment with panels, minimising heat loss and air infiltration in accordance with BS EN 12114.

Technical Considerations: The connector shall be manufactured from aluminium in compliance with BS EN 755 or BS EN 12020 for extruded profiles. The element must provide high geometric accuracy, stiffness and corrosion resistance. Load-bearing capacity and durability shall be calculated according to BS EN 1999-1-1 (Eurocode 9). The connection must withstand wind and temperature loads in line with BS EN 1991-1-4 and accommodate the thermal expansion of polycarbonate. Seals shall comply with BS EN 12365 (Weathertightness of joints).

Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium connectors are classified as A1 according to BS EN 13501-1. Joints must maintain structural integrity under elevated temperatures in accordance with BS EN 13501-2. The fire performance of the overall system depends on the behaviour of the polycarbonate panels and must consider surface flame spread and smoke generation.

Design Life: The expected service life of the Aluminium Connector is at least 30 years, provided installation, galvanic corrosion protection and material compatibility requirements are observed, in accordance with BS EN 1999 and BS EN 755.

Testing Regime: The element shall be tested for strength, stiffness and durability according to BS EN 1999-1-1. In the context of the façade system, testing includes air permeability (BS EN 12152), water tightness (BS EN 12154) and wind resistance (BS EN 13116). Aluminium corrosion resistance shall be verified in accordance with BS EN ISO 9227

D-01-01 Aluminium Support Bracket, Fixed Point (Stick Curtain Wall)

General Information: The aluminium support bracket, designated as a fixed point for stick curtain wall systems, is employed for the rigid attachment of mullions to the primary loadbearing structure of a building. This component ensures the structural anchoring of the façade system, transmitting both vertical and horizontal loads to the structural frame.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Although aluminium brackets do not directly influence thermal transmittance, their installation must incorporate thermal separation between the façade assembly and the loadbearing wall. In accordance with BS EN 13830, the use of thermal break pads or insulating inserts may be specified to minimise thermal bridging at anchorage points.

Technical Considerations: Brackets must comply with the mechanical performance requirements of BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures) and be engineered to accommodate both permanent and variable actions, including façade self-weight, wind loads, and thermal movement. Fixed points shall provide a rigid restraint to mullions with no allowance for movement, in contrast to sliding or floating points, and must possess adequate loadbearing capacity as validated through structural analysis and performance testing. The material shall exhibit resistance to corrosion under external environmental conditions, typically through anodising or polyester powder coating.

Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium support brackets are generally classified as non-combustible materials, potentially achieving Euroclass A1 in accordance with BS EN 13501-1. However, any associated components such as thermal break elements or gaskets must also meet relevant fire performance requirements, with classification not lower than A2-s1,d0 when assessed as part of the overall façade assembly.

Design Life: The anticipated service life of aluminium support brackets is a minimum of 30 years, subject to appropriate installation and environmental conditions, in line with BS EN 13830 and manufacturer recommendations.

Testing Regime: Testing may include verification of loadbearing capacity and deformation behaviour in accordance with BS EN 14609, which specifies test methods for structural components.

D-01-02 Aluminium Support Bracket, Sliding Point (Stick Curtain Wall)

General Information: The aluminium support bracket, functioning as a sliding point within stick curtain wall systems, is designed to provide flexible anchorage of mullions to the building's structural frame. Unlike fixed points, sliding connections accommodate thermal expansion and movement of the façade, thereby preventing deformation and potential damage to the system.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: As with fixed brackets, sliding point components are not direct thermal insulators. However, in accordance with BS EN 13830, façade system design must aim to minimise thermal bridging. To achieve this, thermal insulating pads may be installed between the bracket and the structural substrate.

Technical Considerations: Sliding brackets must reliably support vertical loads from the façade elements while allowing for horizontal displacement within a single plane. In accordance with BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures), the bracket assembly shall be engineered to resist all relevant loads, while permitting defined movements. Adequate strength, stiffness, and resistance to displacement in unintended directions are essential. All materials used must demonstrate corrosion resistance suitable for external use and comply with BS EN 755 and BS EN 485 standards for aluminium alloys.

Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium brackets are generally considered non-combustible and may achieve a Euroclass A1 rating as per BS EN 13501-1. Any supplementary materials used at the sliding connection—such as pads, insulators, or washers—must also be tested and classified for fire resistance to at least A2-s1,d0, if incorporated as part of the external wall build-up.

Design Life: The expected design life of sliding aluminium brackets is a minimum of 30 years, in accordance with the performance requirements for façade systems set out in BS EN 13830.

Testing Regime: Testing should verify load resistance and the operational functionality of the sliding mechanism, in line with BS EN 14609 and the broader system testing framework of BS EN 13830.

D-08-02 Stainless steel support bracket (Coping)

General Information: The Stainless Steel Support Bracket (Coping) is used for securing and supporting coping elements installed at the tops of walls and building façades. The bracket provides reliable fixing, resistance to wind loads, and prevents deformation or displacement of coping and cladding components.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Stainless steel has high thermal conductivity, which can lead to the formation of thermal bridges at fixing points. To minimise heat loss, insulating pads or thermal breaks should be incorporated between the bracket and the primary structure, in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.

Technical Considerations: The support bracket must provide adequate load-bearing capacity, stiffness, and resistance to bending and shear under wind and service loads. Manufacture and material properties shall comply with BS EN 10088 (Stainless steels – Technical delivery conditions), while structural design and calculation shall follow BS EN 1993-1-1 and BS EN 1993-1-8 (Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures and joints). The bracket must offer high corrosion resistance, particularly in external applications exposed to moisture or aggressive atmospheric conditions.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is classified as non-combustible (Class A1) in accordance with BS EN 13501-1. The bracket does not contribute to the spread of flame and maintains mechanical integrity when exposed to elevated temperatures, as per BS EN 1993-1-2 (Structural fire design). Fire performance of the complete façade system shall be verified in accordance with BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414.

Design Life: The expected service life of the Stainless Steel Support Bracket (Coping) is not less than 50 years, provided correct installation, use of an appropriate stainless steel grade (A4 or higher), and adherence to maintenance requirements in accordance with BS EN 10088 and BS EN 1993.

Testing Regime: Testing shall include:

• Mechanical strength and load-bearing performance;

• Corrosion resistance in accordance with BS EN ISO 9227;

• Joint durability and system performance under wind load;

• Fire resistance testing in accordance with BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414.

E-02-01 Stainless Steel Hollo-Bolt

General Information: The stainless steel Hollo-Bolt is an expansion-type anchor bolt designed for fastening components to hollow steel sections — including closed steel tubes and box sections — without requiring rear-side access. It is widely used in steel construction, façade systems, substructures for ventilated façades, and for the attachment of secondary components.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Although the Hollo-Bolt does not possess inherent insulating properties, its use can impact the thermal performance of façade systems due to its function as a localised thermal conductor. In systems with stringent thermal performance requirements, it is advisable to mitigate thermal bridging by incorporating thermal break elements. The impact of such point fixings can be assessed using BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridges) and BS EN ISO 6946 (thermal resistance calculation of building components).

Technical Considerations: The Hollo-Bolt must satisfy structural performance, corrosion resistance, and joint integrity requirements. It is typically manufactured from stainless steel grade A4 (316), offering enhanced resistance to corrosion and aggressive environments in accordance with BS EN ISO 3506. Installation can be carried out using conventional tools, without the need for welding or rear access. Structural performance is assessed according to BS EN 1993-1-8 (Design of joints in steel structures) and validated by manufacturer test data, including values for shear resistance, pull-out capacity, and load-bearing strength.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel offers high fire resistance and is classified as non-combustible, making the Hollo-Bolt suitable for use in fire-rated assemblies. While mechanical performance reduces at elevated temperatures, the bolt’s behaviour under fire conditions is typically considered within structural fire design calculations as outlined in BS EN 1993-1-2. The Hollo-Bolt does not propagate flame, emit smoke, or produce burning droplets.

Design Life: The expected design life of a stainless steel Hollo-Bolt is a minimum of 50 years, assuming correct specification, detailing, and protection against environmental and mechanical stresses.

Testing Regime: Hollo-Bolts are tested in accordance with manufacturer protocols and relevant standards, including BS EN 1993-1-8 (steel connections), BS EN ISO 3506 (mechanical properties of stainless steel fasteners), and additional internal testing to determine pull-out strength, shear capacity, and deformation under load. The product should carry European Technical Assessment (ETA) certification and bear CE marking in accordance with the Construction Products Regulation (CPR).

E-03-01 Stainless steel cast-in channel

General information: Stainless steel cast-in channels are used as embedded elements in concrete structures to securely fix façade systems, engineering services, and other building components. Stainless steel channels are embedded in concrete during casting, providing a durable and safe solution for load transfer.

Energy / Thermal considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 10077 and BS EN 1993, stainless steel elements have minimal impact on the thermal performance of the building envelope. Where thermal bridging needs to be minimised, solutions with thermal breaks or composite connections are applied to meet façade energy efficiency requirements.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 1993-1-4 and BS EN 1090, stainless steel channels must provide high load-bearing capacity, corrosion resistance, and fatigue durability. The material complies with BS EN 10088 (stainless steel), and the geometry and welded joints are manufactured in accordance with the execution class requirements of BS EN 1090-2. Special anchors are used to ensure even load distribution and reliable bonding with concrete.

Fire safety considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13501-1, stainless steel is classified as a non-combustible material of class A1, ensuring no flammability or smoke generation. When used as part of façade systems and concrete structures, the channels do not contribute to fire spread and maintain structural integrity under high temperatures within the standard fire resistance period (BS EN 1993-1-2).

Design life: Expected design life: 50 years according to BS EN 1993-1-4. Selecting the appropriate stainless steel grade (e.g., AISI 304 or 316 according to BS EN 10088) ensures a long service life in exterior conditions without significant loss of strength or corrosion resistance.

Testing regime: In accordance with BS EN 1993 and BS EN 1090, the elements are tested for strength, load-bearing capacity, and welded joint durability. Additional tests are conducted for corrosion resistance in accordance with BS EN ISO 9227 (salt spray chamber testing) and for anchor adhesion in concrete in accordance with BS EN 1881.

E-03-02 Stainless steel T-bolt (nut+washer)

General information: The stainless steel T-bolt (supplied with nut and washer) is used to fix façade systems, equipment, and structural elements to cast-in channels or other mounting profiles. It provides fast and reliable installation without the need for welding or drilling and is used in construction and mechanical engineering.

Energy / Thermal considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 10077 and BS EN 1993, the T-bolt has minimal impact on the thermal performance of the structures. In façade systems, where thermal bridging needs to be minimised, fixing points can be supplemented with thermal breaks or pads to meet energy efficiency requirements.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 3506 (mechanical properties of stainless steel fasteners), the T-bolt must provide tensile, torsional, and fatigue strength. Thread dimensions and tolerances are manufactured in accordance with BS EN ISO 898 and BS EN ISO 965. Washers and nuts are made in accordance with BS EN ISO 7089/7090 and BS EN ISO 4032, ensuring compatibility and reliability of the threaded connection. The design ensures even load transfer within the “channel–bolt–nut” system.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, stainless steel is classified as A1 (non-combustible), eliminating flammability and smoke emission. Under high temperatures, the load-bearing capacity is maintained up to the design limit according to BS EN 1993-1-2, ensuring reliable fixing performance in fire conditions.

Design life: Expected design life: 50 years according to BS EN ISO 3506 and BS EN 1993-1-4. The use of corrosion-resistant steel grades A2 or A4 according to BS EN 10088 ensures long-term durability even in exterior environments with aggressive conditions.

Testing regime: In accordance with BS EN ISO 3506, mechanical strength and torque tests are conducted. Corrosion resistance is tested in accordance with BS EN ISO 9227 (salt spray). For façade systems, the T-bolt is additionally tested for compliance with channel fixation and load-holding capacity requirements according to BS EN 1090

E-04-01 Stainless Steel Bolt (No1 Nut + No2 Washer)

General Information: The stainless steel fastener assembly — comprising a bolt, No1 nut, and No2 washer — is intended for secure joining of structural components subject to high mechanical loads and corrosive environments. It is used in critical connection points where long-term durability and corrosion resistance are essential.

Energy / Thermal Considerations:
Stainless steel fasteners do not act as significant thermal bridges and maintain their mechanical integrity across a broad temperature range (−50°C to +300°C), in accordance with BS EN ISO 3506, which specifies the mechanical properties of stainless steel fasteners.

Technical Considerations: The bolt, nut, and washer must comply with BS EN ISO 3506-1 (mechanical properties and classifications for stainless steel bolts and nuts). Typically, grade A2 or A4 stainless steel is used depending on the environmental exposure — A4 is recommended for external applications or aggressive environments. The strength class should be selected based on the design loading and in compliance with BS EN 1993-1-8 (Eurocode 3: Design of steel connections).

The No2 washer ensures even load distribution and protects the connected surfaces from indentation.

The No1 nut provides secure locking, with torque control to ensure consistent preloading.

Fire Safety Considerations: A2 and A4 grades of stainless steel are non-combustible and achieve Euroclass A1 according to BS EN 13501-1. These fasteners retain their mechanical performance at elevated temperatures, in line with the fire resistance design provisions of BS EN 1993-1-2.

Design Life: The projected service life is not less than 50 years, provided the materials and installation conditions comply with BS EN ISO 12944-2 for corrosion protection, particularly within C4 and C5 corrosivity categories.

Testing Regime: Testing procedures for the stainless steel fastener set shall include:

• Mechanical testing in accordance with BS EN ISO 898-1

• Corrosion resistance testing as per BS EN ISO 9227 (salt spray method)

• Thermal testing in line with BS EN 1363-1 (fire exposure)

• Dimensional inspection to verify compliance with specified tolerances and relevant standards

E-06-01 Stainless steel screw (bracket to LSF)

General information: The stainless steel screw (bracket to LSF) is used for fixing brackets and other elements to Light Steel Frames (LSF). It provides a secure connection without the need for welding and allows rapid installation of façade systems and engineering components.

Energy / Thermal considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 10077 and BS EN 1993, stainless steel screws have minimal impact on the thermal performance of the frame. Where thermal bridging needs to be minimised, the fixing assemblies can be supplemented with thermal break or insulating pads to maintain the building’s energy efficiency.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 3506, the screw must provide the required tensile, torsional, and fatigue strength. Threading and dimensions are manufactured in accordance with BS EN ISO 898 and BS EN ISO 965. The screw, washer, and nut (if used) comply with BS EN 10088, ensuring durability of the connection and corrosion resistance. The design allows for even load transfer from the bracket to the frame without causing deformations.

Fire safety considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, stainless steel is classified as A1 (non-combustible), preventing fire and smoke generation. The screw retains its strength under high temperatures for the standard fire resistance duration of the steel frame in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-2.

Design life: Expected design life: 50 years according to BS EN ISO 3506 and BS EN 1993-1-4. The use of stainless steel grades A2 or A4 according to BS EN 10088 ensures long-term durability of the fixings even in exterior conditions and high humidity environments.

Testing regime: In accordance with BS EN ISO 3506 and BS EN 1993-1-4, screws are tested for mechanical strength, torque, and fatigue resistance. Corrosion resistance tests are carried out in accordance with BS EN ISO 9227 (salt spray). For LSF systems, the screw’s holding capacity in thin-walled steel profiles is also verified

F-01-01 Stainless steel screw

General Information: Stainless steel screws are utilised for securing structures and materials, offering high strength and corrosion resistance. They are suitable for both interior and exterior applications, including aggressive environments.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Stainless steel screws exhibit low thermal conductivity, reducing the risk of thermal bridging. In accordance with BS EN ISO 10144, their corrosion resistance is maintained at high and low temperatures, making them suitable for diverse climatic conditions.

Technical Considerations: Screws must comply with BS EN ISO 3506 for mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Strength classes (e.g., A2, A4) determine their suitability for different environments. Protective coatings are recommended for use in highly corrosive conditions.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is classified as a non-combustible material (Class A1 per BS EN 13501-1). The screws do not contribute to flame spread or emit toxic substances when exposed to heat.

Design Life: The expected service life is at least 30 years under standard conditions, as per BS EN ISO 9224, owing to their high corrosion resistance.

Testing Regime: Quality control includes:

• Tensile testing (BS EN ISO 6892-1)

• Hardness testing

• Corrosion resistance testing (BS EN ISO 9227 – salt spray test)

F-01-02 Stainless steel screw (big)

General Information: The Stainless Steel Screw (Big) is used for fastening structural or façade elements where enhanced load-bearing capacity is required. It is commonly applied in rainscreen cladding systems, roofing, and structural connections to transfer high loads and ensure joint rigidity.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Stainless steel has high thermal conductivity, which can create thermal bridges at fixing points. To minimize heat loss, thermal breaks, nylon washers, or insulating pads should be used. Thermal performance calculations shall comply with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.

Technical Considerations: The screw must provide high mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. Material and mechanical properties shall comply with BS EN ISO 3506 (Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant stainless steel fasteners). Joints shall be designed in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-8 (Eurocode 3: Design of joints). For external applications, A4 stainless steel is recommended to ensure resistance to aggressive atmospheric conditions.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is non-combustible (Class A1) according to BS EN 13501-1. When used in façade and structural systems, it does not contribute to fire spread. The screws retain part of their load-bearing capacity at elevated temperatures in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-2 (Structural fire design). Fire performance of assemblies is verified through BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414 testing.

Design Life: The expected service life of the Stainless Steel Screw (Big) is a minimum of 30 years, provided correct installation and the use of an appropriate stainless steel grade (A4 or higher), in accordance with BS EN ISO 3506 and BS EN 1993.

Testing Regime: The screws shall be tested for:

• Mechanical strength, shear, and pull-out resistance;

• Corrosion resistance (BS EN ISO 9227);

• Durability of connections and fire performance of the complete façade or structural system (BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414)

F-01-03 Stainless steel screw with EPDM bonded washer (for coping)

General Information: The Stainless Steel Screw with EPDM washer is used for fixing copings on parapets and upper façade elements, providing secure attachment and watertight joints. The EPDM washer prevents direct metal-to-surface contact, enhances drainage, and protects against mechanical damage.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Stainless steel has high thermal conductivity, which may create local thermal bridges. The EPDM washer helps reduce heat loss and prevents condensation at fixing points. Requirements for thermal bridging and insulation performance are governed by BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211.

Technical Considerations: The screw must provide adequate shear and pull-out resistance, as well as durability under vibration and cyclic loads. The stainless steel screw material shall comply with BS EN ISO 3506 (corrosion-resistant stainless steel fasteners), while the EPDM washer shall conform to BS EN 681-1 (Rubber seals for water and general applications). Installation must ensure proper tolerances and airtight sealing of joints in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-8 (Eurocode 3 – Design of joints).

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is classified as non-combustible (Class A1) under BS EN 13501-1. EPDM has limited fire resistance and must be used in combination with other non-combustible façade materials. The overall façade system’s fire performance must be verified in accordance with BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414.

Design Life: The expected service life of the Stainless Steel Screw with EPDM washer is at least 30 years, provided correct installation and maintenance are observed, taking into account the corrosion resistance of the stainless steel and the ageing resistance of EPDM, as defined by BS EN ISO 3506 and BS EN 681-1.

Testing Regime: Testing shall include:

• Mechanical strength, joint durability, and corrosion resistance — BS EN ISO 9227 and BS EN ISO 3506;

• EPDM washer resistance to UV, ozone, and temperature variations — BS EN 681-1;

• System testing for watertightness and fire performance — BS EN 13501-2 and BS 8414

F-06-01 Stainless steel anchor (Anchor with plastic plug)

General Information: The stainless steel anchor with a plastic plug is used to fix suspended and window structures, façade systems, and building services equipment to load-bearing substrates made of concrete, brick, or stone. The plastic sleeve distributes the load and prevents direct contact between the steel and the substrate.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN 10077, the use of anchors with plastic plugs helps reduce the risk of thermal bridging. Stainless steel combined with plastic insulation provides an optimal balance between load-bearing capacity and maintaining the designed thermal performance of the building envelope.

Technical Considerations: The anchor must comply with BS EN 1992-4 (Eurocode — design of fastenings in concrete) and BS EN 1090 (steel structures). The stainless steel must meet the requirements of BS EN ISO 3506 and BS EN 10088 for mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The plastic plug must conform to BS EN ISO 15493 (plastics for building applications). The design must ensure high load-bearing capacity, resistance to fatigue loads, and long-term durability in service.

Fire Safety Considerations: According to BS EN 13501-1, stainless steel is classified as A1 (non-combustible), while the plastic component of the anchor must achieve a fire classification of at least E; for external façade systems, materials of class B-s1,d0 are recommended to ensure limited contribution to fire development and low smoke production.

Design Life: The expected service life of the anchor with plastic plug is at least 30 years, provided the correct stainless steel grade is selected (BS EN 10088), the plastic component is certified, and installation is carried out in accordance with BS EN 1992-4.

Testing Regime: Testing must be carried out in accordance with BS EN 1881 and BS EN 1992-4 to verify load-bearing capacity in concrete, and BS EN ISO 3506 to confirm the properties of stainless steel. Additional durability tests for plastic components may be carried out in accordance with BS EN ISO 604 (mechanical properties of plastics under load).

G-01-01 Lightweight Steel Frame System

General Information: The LSFS – Lightweight Steel Frame System is used for load-bearing and enclosing structures in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. It provides high strength-to-weight ratio, rapid installation, and design flexibility.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The system shall minimise thermal bridges in compliance with BS EN ISO 10211. Additional thermal insulation materials shall be applied to meet energy efficiency standards (BS EN ISO 6946).

Technical Considerations: The structure shall conform to strength and stability requirements as per BS EN 1993-1-3 (Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures). Geometric and installation tolerances shall comply with BS EN 1090-2 (Execution Standards for Steel Structures).

Fire Safety Considerations: Depending on application, the system shall provide fire resistance in accordance with BS EN 13501-2. Cladding with non-combustible materials (Class A1/A2-s1,d0 per BS EN 13501-1) or application of fire-protective coatings may be utilised.

Design Life: The design service life shall be no less than 50 years, subject to compliance with corrosion protection (BS EN ISO 12944) and maintenance requirements (BS EN 1990).

Testing Regime:

Testing shall include load-bearing capacity verification (BS EN 1993-1-3), corrosion resistance (BS EN ISO 9227), and fire resistance (BS EN 1363-1).

G-02-01 Weather seal membrane

General Information: The weather seal membrane is a waterproof and airtight layer used in façade and window systems to protect joints and interfaces from moisture, air, and dust ingress. It is typically applied between structural components of the building envelope (e.g. between the window frame and the wall) to provide long-lasting airtight and watertight sealing.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The membrane contributes to the required levels of air and vapour tightness in façade systems, enhancing the building's overall energy performance by reducing infiltration-related heat loss. It must comply with BS EN 12114 (air permeability of building joints) and BS EN 13984 (vapour control layers), ensuring compatibility with the insulation system and maintaining overall airtightness. Effective vapour control and sealing are essential to meeting the thermal performance criteria outlined in BS EN ISO 6946.

Technical Considerations: The membrane must exhibit high elasticity, durability, water resistance, and the ability to maintain its mechanical integrity under joint movement and deformation. In accordance with BS EN 13984 and BS EN 13859-2 (waterproofing membranes for walls and roofs), the membrane must be resistant to UV radiation, weathering, and temperature fluctuations. Compatibility with commonly used adhesives and sealants in façade assemblies is also essential.

Fire Safety Considerations: Weather seal membranes are typically classified as Class E under BS EN 13501-1. Their use is generally permitted in buildings under 18 metres in height, in line with current façade fire safety guidance and regulations. For buildings exceeding this height, membranes with a higher fire resistance classification are required.

Design Life: The expected service life of the membrane is approximately 25–30 years, provided it is correctly installed and protected from mechanical damage and prolonged UV exposure. Long-term durability and performance are supported by accelerated ageing and climate resistance testing as per BS EN 1296 and BS EN 13859-2.

Testing Regime: The membrane should be tested in accordance with the following standards:

• BS EN 13859-2 – mechanical strength and water resistance;

• BS EN 1928 – watertightness testing;

• BS EN 12114 – air permeability performance;

• BS EN 1296 – artificial ageing;

• BS EN 13501-1 – fire classification (typically Class E).

G-02-02 Breather membrane

General information: The breather membrane is used as a water- and wind-resistant layer in building envelope constructions, particularly behind cladding façade systems and roofs. The membrane prevents moisture ingress from outside while allowing water vapour to escape from within the structure, preventing condensation and enhancing the durability of insulation.

Energy / Thermal considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13859-2 (walls) and BS EN 13859-1 (roofs), the membrane must have high vapour permeability and low thermal conductivity, helping to maintain the effectiveness of the insulation layer. Its use minimises heat loss by protecting insulation from moisture and draughts, in accordance with BS EN ISO 13788 for moisture control and condensation management.

Technical considerations: According to BS EN 13859, the membrane must be UV-resistant for the declared installation period, retain mechanical strength under tension and puncture, and withstand weathering. The membrane construction must resist wind loads and remain stable under temperature fluctuations. Installation should follow manufacturer guidelines for joint sealing and lap overlaps.

Fire safety considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13501-1, the membrane should have a verified reaction-to-fire classification, e.g., B-s1,d0 or higher, limiting flame spread and smoke production. When designing façades, the membrane is selected to meet the fire performance requirements of the system, taking into account BS EN 13501-2 for construction elements.

Design life: Expected design life: 30 years according to BS EN 13859, provided proper installation, protection from direct UV exposure after cladding installation, and adherence to operational requirements.

Testing regime: In accordance with BS EN 13859, the membrane is tested for water resistance, vapour permeability (Sd-value), tensile and tear strength, resistance to temperature variations, and ageing. Additionally, it is classified for fire performance according to BS EN 13501-1

G-02-03 Vapour control layer (VCL)

General information: The vapour control layer (VCL) is used in building envelope constructions to restrict the diffusion of water vapour from interior spaces into insulation. It is applied in façade and roof systems, preventing condensation within the construction and ensuring the durability of thermal insulation and structural elements.

Energy / Thermal considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 13788 and BS EN 13984, the VCL must have low vapour permeability (high Sd-value), preventing moisture from reaching the insulation. Controlling the moisture regime helps maintain the design thermal performance of the insulation and prevents a reduction in the efficiency of the thermal layer.

Technical considerations: According to BS EN 13984, the VCL must provide mechanical strength, resistance to puncture and tear, and ensure airtightness at joints and connections. Installation requires proper sealing of overlaps and the use of specialised tapes to maintain a continuous vapour barrier. The material must remain stable across the operating temperature range and be compatible with other building materials.

Fire safety considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13501-1, the VCL must have a verified reaction-to-fire classification (e.g., B-s1,d0 or higher), limiting flame spread and smoke generation. In façade and roof systems, the layer is selected to meet the fire performance requirements of the entire assembly in accordance with BS EN 13501-2.

Design life: Expected design life: 30 years according to BS EN 13984, provided correct installation and protection from mechanical damage during construction and operation.

Testing regime: In accordance with BS EN 13984, the VCL is tested for water vapour permeability (Sd-value), tensile and tear strength, and resistance to ageing and temperature effects. Additionally, the material is classified for reaction to fire according to BS EN 13501-1

G-02-05 Waterproofing membrane

General Information: The waterproofing membrane is designed to protect building structures from water ingress, preventing moisture damage and ensuring building durability. It is used in roofing systems, underground structures, balconies, and terraces.

Energy/Thermal Considerations: The membrane may affect the thermal performance of the structure. In some applications, it is used in combination with thermal insulation materials, complying with BS EN 13967 requirements for flexibility and resistance to thermal deformation.

Technical Considerations: The membrane shall possess high tensile strength, puncture resistance, and UV stability (for external applications). It must conform to BS EN 13707 (for roofing membranes) and BS EN 13970 (for waterproofing under screeds).

Fire Safety Considerations: Depending on application, the membrane shall meet relevant fire safety classifications, such as BROOF(t4) per BS EN 13501-5 (for roofing materials). Internal membranes may require a minimum fire reaction class of B-s1,d0 (BS EN 13501-1).

Design Life: The expected service life ranges from 20 to 50 years depending on membrane type and operating conditions, in accordance with BS EN 13967 guidelines.

Testing Regime:

Testing includes water tightness verification (BS EN 1928), resistance to static and dynamic water exposure (BS EN 13583), and mechanical strength assessment (BS EN 12311).

G-03-01 Non-combustible sheathing board (for LSFS)

General Information: The non-combustible cladding panel (for LSFS) serves as a protective and structural layer in Lightweight steel frame systems (LSFS), providing fire resistance, mechanical stability, and additional thermal insulation.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The panel shall comply with thermal conductivity and energy efficiency requirements per BS EN ISO 6946. It may be used in conjunction with insulation materials to enhance the thermal performance of building envelopes.

Technical Considerations: The material shall possess high compressive strength and deformation resistance, conforming to BS EN 13950 (gypsum-based boards) or BS EN 15283 (cement/fibre-based boards). Permissible geometric and flatness tolerances shall be regulated by BS EN 520.

Fire Safety Considerations: The panel shall be classified as non-combustible (A1 or A2-s1,d0 per BS EN 13501-1) and provide fire resistance in accordance with BS EN 1364-1 (fire resistance testing for non-load-bearing elements).

Design Life: The expected service life shall be no less than 30 years, subject to proper installation and maintenance conditions.

Testing Regime: Testing shall include:

• Fire resistance (BS EN 1364-1)

• Mechanical strength (BS EN 520)

• Moisture and frost resistance (where applicable) as per relevant standards.

G-04-01 Mineral wool insulation (for external application) (k ≤ 0.035 W/mK)

General Information: Mineral wool insulation (for wall) is used in external and internal building envelopes to provide thermal, acoustic and fire insulation. Installed in multi-layer walls, façade systems or framed partitions as a non-combustible insulation material.

Energy/Thermal Considerations: Mineral wool features low thermal conductivity (λ ≈ 0.032-0.040 W/m·K), complying with BS EN 13162 - the standard for thermal insulation products for buildings. It effectively reduces heat loss and helps building envelopes meet energy efficiency requirements (e.g. BS EN ISO 6946). Insulation thickness is selected based on required U-value.

Technical Considerations: According to BS EN 13162, mineral wool must maintain dimensional stability, moisture resistance, compressive strength (when used in rainscreen systems), and long-term durability. The material must retain its insulating properties under humid conditions. For walls, compliance with strength classes and dimensional stability under temperature fluctuations is essential. Capillary activity and water vapour diffusion resistance (µ-factor) are also considered.

Fire Safety Considerations: Mineral wool is a non-combustible material typically classified as A1 per BS EN 13501-1 - it doesn't support combustion, emit toxic gases or produce flaming droplets. Used as a component in fire protection systems for façades, partitions and fire compartments. When used in external insulation systems (e.g. ventilated façades), it ensures structural fire safety.

Design Life: The expected service life of mineral wool is minimum 30 years per BS EN 13162, provided proper installation, moisture protection and avoidance of mechanical damage.

Testing Regime: Testing is conducted according to BS EN 13162 and BS EN 1602-1609, including determination of thermal conductivity, water absorption, compressive strength, ageing resistance and dimensional stability. Fire performance is verified per BS EN 13501-1.

G-04-02 Mineral wool insulation (to void between LSFS studs) (k ≤ 0.038 W/mK)

General Information: Mineral wool insulation (for LSF) is a mineral fibre insulation material used in light steel framing (LSF) constructions. It provides thermal and acoustic insulation for external and internal walls, floors, partitions, and roofing systems. Installed between steel studs, it ensures the required thermal and acoustic performance of building envelopes.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Mineral wool has low thermal conductivity (λ ≈ 0.032–0.040 W/m·K), complying with BS EN ISO 10456 and BS EN 13162 (thermal insulation products - mineral wool products). In LSF systems, its use improves thermal resistance (R-value) and reduces heat loss through walls and roofs. The insulation must retain its thermal performance over its service life, including resistance to slumping and sagging. Thermal efficiency calculations follow BS EN ISO 6946 (thermal performance of building components) and BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridges).

Technical Considerations: Mineral wool for framed systems must exhibit sufficient rigidity, dimensional stability, water repellence, and vapour permeability. Per BS EN 13162, it must be classified by:

• Density

• Compressive/tensile strength

• Fibre length

• Other mechanical properties Additionally, resistance to vibration and vertical structural loads must be considered.

Fire Safety Considerations: Mineral wool is classified as a non-combustible material (A1 per BS EN 13501-1), meaning it does not contribute to fire, smoke, or flaming droplets. This makes it highly effective in LSF walls, where fire resistance (BS EN 1364-1 – non-load-bearing walls) is required. When combined with appropriate cladding, it can achieve EI 30–120 fire resistance ratings.

Design Life: The expected service life is minimum 50 years (BS EN 13162), provided the insulation is:

• Protected from moisture ingress

• Not mechanically damaged

• Properly installed to prevent settling in vertical applications

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

• BS EN 13162 (product characteristics)

• BS EN 1604 (dimensional stability & shrinkage resistance)

• BS EN 1607 (tensile strength)

• BS EN 12667 (thermal conductivity)

• BS EN ISO 1182 & BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire)

• Full LSF system fire testing (BS EN 1364-1) may also be required.

G-06-01 Rigid insulation (for GF)

General information: Rigid insulation (for Ground Floor) is used in ground and above-ground constructions to provide thermal protection, reduce heat loss, and improve building energy efficiency. Rigid boards are manufactured from PIR, PUR, XPS, or other thermal insulation materials and are installed beneath concrete floor slabs, above slabs, or as part of a full insulation system.

Energy / Thermal considerations: According to BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN 13165/13164 (depending on material type), rigid insulation must provide a low thermal conductivity (λ-value) in line with calculated thermal resistance requirements. The insulation should maintain dimensional stability, compressive strength, and low water absorption, which is critical for use in contact with the ground.

Technical considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13165 (PIR/PUR) or BS EN 13164 (XPS), the boards must provide sufficient compressive strength, resistance to freeze–thaw cycles, and moisture durability. The insulation should withstand long-term loads from the floor construction while retaining geometric stability throughout its service life. Installation must follow requirements for joint overlap and airtightness.

Fire safety considerations: Per BS EN 13501-1, rigid insulation must have a certified reaction-to-fire class depending on the material. PIR boards may be classified as C-s2,d0 or higher, while XPS typically falls into class E, which must be considered in design. In areas with higher fire-resistance requirements, insulation with enhanced properties or additional protection is used in accordance with BS EN 13501-2.

Design life: Expected design life: 30–50 years according to BS EN 13165/13164, provided proper design, protection from prolonged moisture exposure, and avoidance of mechanical damage.

Testing regime: According to BS EN 13165/13164, insulation boards are tested for thermal conductivity (λ-value), compressive strength, water absorption, durability under freeze–thaw cycles, dimensional stability, and reaction to fire (BS EN 13501-1).

H-02-01 Double glazed unit (DGU-1)

General Information: A double glazed unit (DGU) is used in window, door, and façade systems to provide thermal and acoustic insulation. It consists of two glass panes separated by a spacer frame with a hermetically sealed cavity, which may be filled with air or an inert gas (e.g., argon). DGUs are employed in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings to enhance energy efficiency and comfort.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: According to BS EN 1279 (standards for insulating glass units), a double glazed unit must achieve a low thermal transmittance (U-value), particularly when using low-emissivity coatings (Low-E) and gas filling. This ensures compliance with building energy efficiency requirements, as specified in BS EN ISO 10077-1 and BS EN ISO 10456. The use of inert gases and warm-edge spacer bars further reduces heat loss and the risk of condensation.

Technical Considerations: Technical requirements for double glazed units are defined by BS EN 1279 (Parts 1–6), covering durability, airtightness, moisture absorption, optical properties, and thickness tolerances. Additional parameters include sound insulation, wind load resistance, and impact resistance (where required). Compatibility with window or façade systems must be ensured in accordance with BS EN 14351-1 (windows and external pedestrian doors).

Fire Safety Considerations: Standard double glazed units made from tempered or float glass are not fire-resistant, though they may be used in non-fire-rated barriers. Their behaviour in fire depends on the glass type: standard glass is not classified under BS EN 13501-1, but tempered or laminated glass may meet certain safe breakage requirements. If the glazed unit is part of a fire-rated system, specialist fire-resistant glass certified to BS EN 14449 and BS EN 13501-2 must be used.

Design Life The expected service life of a double glazed unit is at least 25–30 years, assuming proper installation and sealing quality, as per BS EN 1279-2 and -3.

Testing Regime: Testing includes assessments for:

• Airtightness (BS EN 1279-2)

• Moisture absorption (BS EN 1279-3)

• Thermal transmittance (BS EN 674)

• Light transmittance (BS EN 410)

• Sound insulation (BS EN ISO 10140)

• Resistance to climatic cycling and ageing

• Full-scale testing of glazed units within window systems is conducted under BS EN 14351-1.

H-04-01 Aluminium spandrel panel (ASP-1)

General information: Aluminium spandrel panels are used to cover floor slabs in façade systems, as well as for decorative purposes and to provide enclosure. The panels are installed in the zones between window openings and are non-transparent elements, ensuring architectural expression and protecting internal structures from weather exposure.

Energy / Thermal considerations: In accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 (Thermal performance of building components) and BS EN ISO 10077 (Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters), aluminium spandrel panels must incorporate an insulating layer or suitable backing to eliminate thermal bridging and achieve the required thermal resistance. The panel design must maintain the energy efficiency of the building envelope and prevent condensation.

Technical considerations: According to BS EN 485 and BS EN 573 (Aluminium and aluminium alloys), panels must be manufactured from alloys with adequate strength, corrosion resistance and dimensional stability. Mechanical reliability, weathertightness and durability requirements for façade assemblies are defined in BS EN 13830 (Curtain walling – Product standard). The panel must be compatible with the supporting façade system and capable of withstanding wind loads and service loads.

Fire safety considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13501-1, aluminium is classified as a non-combustible material (Class A1). However, the construction of spandrel panels includes insulation and facing layers, which must comply with the requirements of Approved Document B. To ensure fire safety, non-combustible insulation materials (e.g. mineral wool classified as A1 or A2-s1,d0) and non-combustible facing materials must be used within the panel assembly, in line with BS EN 1364 (Fire resistance tests for non-loadbearing elements).

Design life: In accordance with BS EN 13830 and BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures), the expected service life of aluminium spandrel panels is at least 30 years, provided correct design, installation and corrosion protection are ensured.

Testing regime: Testing of aluminium spandrel panels is carried out in accordance with BS EN 13830 (mechanical performance, air permeability, watertightness), BS EN 13501-1 (fire performance classification), and BS EN ISO 10077 (thermal performance). Additional corrosion resistance tests may be carried out in accordance with BS EN ISO 9227 (salt spray test)