Annotations

A-01-03 Aluminium Stick Curtain Wall System

General Information: The aluminium stick curtain wall system is used as an external envelope of a building, providing protection against environmental influences while defining the architectural appearance. The system comprises vertical and horizontal aluminium profiles assembled on site, which support either glazed or opaque infill panels.

Energy/Thermal Considerations: In accordance with the requirements of BS EN 13830, aluminium stick curtain wall systems must provide adequate thermal insulation to reduce heat loss. The thermal transmittance (U-value) must comply with the applicable standards for façade systems and varies depending on the type of infill and the presence of a thermal break. Air and water tightness must also be ensured in line with BS EN 12153 and BS EN 12155.

Technical Considerations: The system must be capable of withstanding wind loads and provide structural stability in accordance with BS EN 13116. All profiles and components used should exhibit corrosion resistance and meet strength and deformation criteria as specified in BS EN 13830. Additionally, aluminium systems must be designed to accommodate thermal expansion without compromising air or water tightness, or the overall integrity of the construction.

Fire Safety Considerations: In accordance with BS EN 13501-1, aluminium façade elements with non-combustible infill materials can achieve a fire performance classification of A2-s1,d0, indicating very limited combustibility, minimal smoke production, and no flaming droplets. The selection of infill and insulation materials must take into account their reaction to fire as per relevant regulations.

Design Life: The expected service life of the system is 30 years, as per BS EN 13830, provided that the system is correctly designed, installed, and subjected to regular maintenance.

Testing Regime: Testing includes assessments for air permeability (BS EN 12152), water tightness (BS EN 12154), resistance to wind load (BS EN 13116), thermal performance (BS EN ISO 10077-2), and acoustic insulation where applicable.

A-02-09 Aluminium Window System (Smoke Ventilation Window)

General Information: The aluminium window system (smoke ventilation window) is used as part of a façade or roof to provide natural ventilation and smoke extraction in the event of a fire. These windows open either automatically or manually to expel smoke and hot gases, facilitating safe evacuation and aiding the emergency services.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: In accordance with BS EN 14351-1, window systems must meet requirements for thermal transmittance, air and water tightness. Aluminium windows are required to incorporate a thermal break to minimise heat loss. U-values must comply with the energy efficiency standards relevant to the building type. Smoke ventilation windows must also maintain thermal integrity and airtightness when closed.

Technical Considerations: The design of smoke ventilation windows must comply with BS EN 12101-2, which specifies performance criteria for natural smoke and heat exhaust ventilation systems (NSHEVs). This includes requirements for opening angle and speed, actuator reliability, resistance to wind load, and durability of the operating mechanism. The system must also meet the general technical standards set out in BS EN 14351-1 for window systems, including strength, deformation resistance, operational reliability, and intrusion protection.

Fire Safety Considerations: As per BS EN 12101-2, smoke ventilation windows are an integral part of the fire safety system and must operate reliably under elevated temperatures. The materials used, including glazing units and frames, may be classified as A1 or A2-s1,d0 in accordance with BS EN 13501-1, depending on their composition. The unit must be capable of automatic opening within a specified timeframe during a fire.

Design Life: The system is expected to have a service life of at least 30 years in accordance with BS EN 12101-2, assuming regular maintenance and compliance with operational conditions.

Testing Regime: The system must undergo testing in accordance with BS EN 12101-2, including functional testing (opening angle and response time), resistance to wind load, thermal shock, and actuator performance. Additional testing as per BS EN 14351-1 is also applicable, covering airtightness, acoustic insulation, impact resistance, and durability.

D-01-01 Aluminium Support Bracket, Fixed Point (Stick Curtain Wall)

General Information: The aluminium support bracket, designated as a fixed point for stick curtain wall systems, is employed for the rigid attachment of mullions to the primary loadbearing structure of a building. This component ensures the structural anchoring of the façade system, transmitting both vertical and horizontal loads to the structural frame.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Although aluminium brackets do not directly influence thermal transmittance, their installation must incorporate thermal separation between the façade assembly and the loadbearing wall. In accordance with BS EN 13830, the use of thermal break pads or insulating inserts may be specified to minimise thermal bridging at anchorage points.

Technical Considerations: Brackets must comply with the mechanical performance requirements of BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures) and be engineered to accommodate both permanent and variable actions, including façade self-weight, wind loads, and thermal movement. Fixed points shall provide a rigid restraint to mullions with no allowance for movement, in contrast to sliding or floating points, and must possess adequate loadbearing capacity as validated through structural analysis and performance testing. The material shall exhibit resistance to corrosion under external environmental conditions, typically through anodising or polyester powder coating.

Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium support brackets are generally classified as non-combustible materials, potentially achieving Euroclass A1 in accordance with BS EN 13501-1. However, any associated components such as thermal break elements or gaskets must also meet relevant fire performance requirements, with classification not lower than A2-s1,d0 when assessed as part of the overall façade assembly.

Design Life: The anticipated service life of aluminium support brackets is a minimum of 30 years, subject to appropriate installation and environmental conditions, in line with BS EN 13830 and manufacturer recommendations.

Testing Regime: Testing may include verification of loadbearing capacity and deformation behaviour in accordance with BS EN 14609, which specifies test methods for structural components.

D-01-02 Aluminium Support Bracket, Sliding Point (Stick Curtain Wall)

General Information: The aluminium support bracket, functioning as a sliding point within stick curtain wall systems, is designed to provide flexible anchorage of mullions to the building's structural frame. Unlike fixed points, sliding connections accommodate thermal expansion and movement of the façade, thereby preventing deformation and potential damage to the system.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: As with fixed brackets, sliding point components are not direct thermal insulators. However, in accordance with BS EN 13830, façade system design must aim to minimise thermal bridging. To achieve this, thermal insulating pads may be installed between the bracket and the structural substrate.

Technical Considerations: Sliding brackets must reliably support vertical loads from the façade elements while allowing for horizontal displacement within a single plane. In accordance with BS EN 1999 (Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures), the bracket assembly shall be engineered to resist all relevant loads, while permitting defined movements. Adequate strength, stiffness, and resistance to displacement in unintended directions are essential. All materials used must demonstrate corrosion resistance suitable for external use and comply with BS EN 755 and BS EN 485 standards for aluminium alloys.

Fire Safety Considerations: Aluminium brackets are generally considered non-combustible and may achieve a Euroclass A1 rating as per BS EN 13501-1. Any supplementary materials used at the sliding connection—such as pads, insulators, or washers—must also be tested and classified for fire resistance to at least A2-s1,d0, if incorporated as part of the external wall build-up.

Design Life: The expected design life of sliding aluminium brackets is a minimum of 30 years, in accordance with the performance requirements for façade systems set out in BS EN 13830.

Testing Regime: Testing should verify load resistance and the operational functionality of the sliding mechanism, in line with BS EN 14609 and the broader system testing framework of BS EN 13830.

E-01-01 Stainless steel anchor bolt

General Information: The stainless steel anchor bolt is utilised to ensure secure fixing of façade, structural, or service elements (including aluminium support brackets) to concrete or masonry substrates. It provides effective load transfer from the system to the building’s structural frame and maintains resistance to external forces.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Although anchor bolts do not serve as thermal insulation components, their use may result in localised thermal bridging. In systems where thermal separation is critical, the inclusion of thermally insulating sleeves or pads may be required. In accordance with BS EN ISO 10211, thermal bridging around fasteners can be assessed using heat flow simulations.

Technical Considerations: In accordance with BS EN 1992-4 (Eurocode 2: Design of fastenings for use in concrete), anchor bolts must be designed to withstand the relevant actions — tensile, shear, or combined — taking into account the type of substrate (e.g., concrete, solid brick). The material must conform to the mechanical performance requirements of BS EN ISO 3506 for stainless steels. Installation shall ensure the specified embedment depth, precision class, and pull-out resistance. Additionally, anchors must demonstrate durability under cyclic loading and fatigue resistance, particularly in high-rise structures or areas exposed to significant wind action.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel is classified as non-combustible and typically achieves a Euroclass A1 rating in accordance with BS EN 13501-1. Under fire conditions, anchor bolts must retain their loadbearing capacity for a specified duration, governed by BS EN 1992-1-2 (structural fire design for concrete structures). Selection must consider the reduction in material strength at elevated temperatures.

Design Life: The anticipated design life of stainless steel anchors is at least 50 years, provided they comply with BS EN 1992-4, are manufactured from corrosion-resistant steel (e.g., grade A4 as per BS EN ISO 3506-1), and are used in environmental conditions appropriate to their specification.

Testing Regime: Anchors shall be tested in accordance with ETAG 001 (European Technical Approval Guidelines for Metal Anchors) and BS EN 846-6, which defines the method for determining pull-out resistance of anchors in masonry.

E-02-01 Stainless Steel Hollo-Bolt

General Information: The stainless steel Hollo-Bolt is an expansion-type anchor bolt designed for fastening components to hollow steel sections — including closed steel tubes and box sections — without requiring rear-side access. It is widely used in steel construction, façade systems, substructures for ventilated façades, and for the attachment of secondary components.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Although the Hollo-Bolt does not possess inherent insulating properties, its use can impact the thermal performance of façade systems due to its function as a localised thermal conductor. In systems with stringent thermal performance requirements, it is advisable to mitigate thermal bridging by incorporating thermal break elements. The impact of such point fixings can be assessed using BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridges) and BS EN ISO 6946 (thermal resistance calculation of building components).

Technical Considerations: The Hollo-Bolt must satisfy structural performance, corrosion resistance, and joint integrity requirements. It is typically manufactured from stainless steel grade A4 (316), offering enhanced resistance to corrosion and aggressive environments in accordance with BS EN ISO 3506. Installation can be carried out using conventional tools, without the need for welding or rear access. Structural performance is assessed according to BS EN 1993-1-8 (Design of joints in steel structures) and validated by manufacturer test data, including values for shear resistance, pull-out capacity, and load-bearing strength.

Fire Safety Considerations: Stainless steel offers high fire resistance and is classified as non-combustible, making the Hollo-Bolt suitable for use in fire-rated assemblies. While mechanical performance reduces at elevated temperatures, the bolt’s behaviour under fire conditions is typically considered within structural fire design calculations as outlined in BS EN 1993-1-2. The Hollo-Bolt does not propagate flame, emit smoke, or produce burning droplets.

Design Life: The expected design life of a stainless steel Hollo-Bolt is a minimum of 50 years, assuming correct specification, detailing, and protection against environmental and mechanical stresses.

Testing Regime: Hollo-Bolts are tested in accordance with manufacturer protocols and relevant standards, including BS EN 1993-1-8 (steel connections), BS EN ISO 3506 (mechanical properties of stainless steel fasteners), and additional internal testing to determine pull-out strength, shear capacity, and deformation under load. The product should carry European Technical Assessment (ETA) certification and bear CE marking in accordance with the Construction Products Regulation (CPR).

E-04-01 Stainless Steel Bolt (No1 Nut + No2 Washer)

General Information: The stainless steel fastener assembly — comprising a bolt, No1 nut, and No2 washer — is intended for secure joining of structural components subject to high mechanical loads and corrosive environments. It is used in critical connection points where long-term durability and corrosion resistance are essential.

Energy / Thermal Considerations:
Stainless steel fasteners do not act as significant thermal bridges and maintain their mechanical integrity across a broad temperature range (−50°C to +300°C), in accordance with BS EN ISO 3506, which specifies the mechanical properties of stainless steel fasteners.

Technical Considerations: The bolt, nut, and washer must comply with BS EN ISO 3506-1 (mechanical properties and classifications for stainless steel bolts and nuts). Typically, grade A2 or A4 stainless steel is used depending on the environmental exposure — A4 is recommended for external applications or aggressive environments. The strength class should be selected based on the design loading and in compliance with BS EN 1993-1-8 (Eurocode 3: Design of steel connections).

The No2 washer ensures even load distribution and protects the connected surfaces from indentation.

The No1 nut provides secure locking, with torque control to ensure consistent preloading.

Fire Safety Considerations: A2 and A4 grades of stainless steel are non-combustible and achieve Euroclass A1 according to BS EN 13501-1. These fasteners retain their mechanical performance at elevated temperatures, in line with the fire resistance design provisions of BS EN 1993-1-2.

Design Life: The projected service life is not less than 50 years, provided the materials and installation conditions comply with BS EN ISO 12944-2 for corrosion protection, particularly within C4 and C5 corrosivity categories.

Testing Regime: Testing procedures for the stainless steel fastener set shall include:

Mechanical testing in accordance with BS EN ISO 898-1

Corrosion resistance testing as per BS EN ISO 9227 (salt spray method)

Thermal testing in line with BS EN 1363-1 (fire exposure)

Dimensional inspection to verify compliance with specified tolerances and relevant standards

E-09-02 Approved Mechanical Fixing (Stainless Steel Mushroom Fixing for Insulation Slabs)

General Information: The approved mechanical fixing – stainless steel mushroom-type anchor – is designed for the secure attachment of thermal insulation slabs to a variety of substrates, including concrete, masonry, and steel frameworks. The fixing provides mechanical stability for insulation systems, ensuring resistance to wind uplift and mechanical impact in both ventilated and rendered façade applications.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Fixings must be designed to minimise thermal bridging in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946. The use of stainless steel ensures long-term durability without compromising the thermal performance of the insulation system. Where required, additional thermal break components may be integrated to enhance overall system efficiency.

Technical Considerations: The fixing system must comply with structural strength and reliability requirements in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-3 (Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures – Supplementary rules for cold-formed members) and BS EN 1990 (Basis of structural design). The head diameter and shank length of the anchor must be appropriately sized to prevent damage to the insulation and to distribute loads effectively. Wind loading performance must be verified against BS EN 1991-1-4, ensuring adequate resistance to suction forces in all exposure zones.

Fire Safety Considerations: The stainless steel components must be classified as non-combustible in accordance with Euroclass A1 as defined in BS EN 13501-1. The fixing system must not compromise the fire resistance of the insulation layer or the overall façade system, including in high-rise and fire-resisting envelope assemblies.

Design Life: The expected service life of the stainless steel fixing is a minimum of 25 years, assuming installation and material specification are in accordance with BS EN ISO 12944-2, considering atmospheric corrosivity categories (e.g. C3–C5 environments).

Testing Regime: The following test regimes shall be conducted:

Pull-out resistance tests in accordance with BS EN 1990 (structural reliability assessment)

Corrosion resistance tests as per BS EN ISO 9227 (neutral salt spray testing)

Thermal stability testing under elevated temperatures in accordance with BS EN 1363-1 (general fire testing methodology)

G-01-01 Lightweight Steel Frame System

General Information: The LSFS – Lightweight Steel Frame System is used for load-bearing and enclosing structures in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. It provides high strength-to-weight ratio, rapid installation, and design flexibility.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The system shall minimise thermal bridges in compliance with BS EN ISO 10211. Additional thermal insulation materials shall be applied to meet energy efficiency standards (BS EN ISO 6946).

Technical Considerations: The structure shall conform to strength and stability requirements as per BS EN 1993-1-3 (Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures). Geometric and installation tolerances shall comply with BS EN 1090-2 (Execution Standards for Steel Structures).

Fire Safety Considerations: Depending on application, the system shall provide fire resistance in accordance with BS EN 13501-2. Cladding with non-combustible materials (Class A1/A2-s1,d0 per BS EN 13501-1) or application of fire-protective coatings may be utilised.

Design Life: The design service life shall be no less than 50 years, subject to compliance with corrosion protection (BS EN ISO 12944) and maintenance requirements (BS EN 1990).

Testing Regime:

Testing shall include load-bearing capacity verification (BS EN 1993-1-3), corrosion resistance (BS EN ISO 9227), and fire resistance (BS EN 1363-1).

G-02-01 Weather seal membrane

General Information:

The weather seal membrane is a waterproof and airtight layer used in façade and window systems to protect joints and interfaces from moisture, air, and dust ingress. It is typically applied between structural components of the building envelope (e.g. between the window frame and the wall) to provide long-lasting airtight and watertight sealing.

Energy / Thermal Considerations:

The membrane contributes to the required levels of air and vapour tightness in façade systems, enhancing the building's overall energy performance by reducing infiltration-related heat loss. It must comply with BS EN 12114 (air permeability of building joints) and BS EN 13984 (vapour control layers), ensuring compatibility with the insulation system and maintaining overall airtightness. Effective vapour control and sealing are essential to meeting the thermal performance criteria outlined in BS EN ISO 6946.

Technical Considerations:

The membrane must exhibit high elasticity, durability, water resistance, and the ability to maintain its mechanical integrity under joint movement and deformation. In accordance with BS EN 13984 and BS EN 13859-2 (waterproofing membranes for walls and roofs), the membrane must be resistant to UV radiation, weathering, and temperature fluctuations. Compatibility with commonly used adhesives and sealants in façade assemblies is also essential.

Fire Safety Considerations:

Weather seal membranes are typically classified as Class E under BS EN 13501-1. Their use is generally permitted in buildings under 18 metres in height, in line with current façade fire safety guidance and regulations. For buildings exceeding this height, membranes with a higher fire resistance classification are required.

Design Life:

The expected service life of the membrane is approximately 25–30 years, provided it is correctly installed and protected from mechanical damage and prolonged UV exposure. Long-term durability and performance are supported by accelerated ageing and climate resistance testing as per BS EN 1296 and BS EN 13859-2.

Testing Regime:

The membrane should be tested in accordance with the following standards:

BS EN 13859-2 – mechanical strength and water resistance;

BS EN 1928 – watertightness testing;

BS EN 12114 – air permeability performance;

BS EN 1296 – artificial ageing;

BS EN 13501-1 – fire classification (typically Class E).

G-02-05 Waterproofing membrane

General Information: The waterproofing membrane is designed to protect building structures from water ingress, preventing moisture damage and ensuring building durability. It is used in roofing systems, underground structures, balconies, and terraces.

Energy/Thermal Considerations: The membrane may affect the thermal performance of the structure. In some applications, it is used in combination with thermal insulation materials, complying with BS EN 13967 requirements for flexibility and resistance to thermal deformation.

Technical Considerations: The membrane shall possess high tensile strength, puncture resistance, and UV stability (for external applications). It must conform to BS EN 13707 (for roofing membranes) and BS EN 13970 (for waterproofing under screeds).

Fire Safety Considerations: Depending on application, the membrane shall meet relevant fire safety classifications, such as BROOF(t4) per BS EN 13501-5 (for roofing materials). Internal membranes may require a minimum fire reaction class of B-s1,d0 (BS EN 13501-1).

Design Life: The expected service life ranges from 20 to 50 years depending on membrane type and operating conditions, in accordance with BS EN 13967 guidelines.

Testing Regime:

Testing includes water tightness verification (BS EN 1928), resistance to static and dynamic water exposure (BS EN 13583), and mechanical strength assessment (BS EN 12311).

G-03-01 Non-combustible sheathing board (for LSFS)

General Information: The non-combustible cladding panel (for LSFS) serves as a protective and structural layer in Lightweight steel frame systems (LSFS), providing fire resistance, mechanical stability, and additional thermal insulation.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The panel shall comply with thermal conductivity and energy efficiency requirements per BS EN ISO 6946. It may be used in conjunction with insulation materials to enhance the thermal performance of building envelopes.

Technical Considerations: The material shall possess high compressive strength and deformation resistance, conforming to BS EN 13950 (gypsum-based boards) or BS EN 15283 (cement/fibre-based boards). Permissible geometric and flatness tolerances shall be regulated by BS EN 520.

Fire Safety Considerations: The panel shall be classified as non-combustible (A1 or A2-s1,d0 per BS EN 13501-1) and provide fire resistance in accordance with BS EN 1364-1 (fire resistance testing for non-load-bearing elements).

Design Life: The expected service life shall be no less than 30 years, subject to proper installation and maintenance conditions.

Testing Regime: Testing shall include:

Fire resistance (BS EN 1364-1)

Mechanical strength (BS EN 520)

Moisture and frost resistance (where applicable) as per relevant standards.

G-04-01 Mineral wool insulation (for external application) (k ≤ 0.035 W/mK)

General Information: Mineral wool insulation (for wall) is used in external and internal building envelopes to provide thermal, acoustic and fire insulation. Installed in multi-layer walls, façade systems or framed partitions as a non-combustible insulation material.

Energy/Thermal Considerations: Mineral wool features low thermal conductivity (λ ≈ 0.032-0.040 W/m·K), complying with BS EN 13162 - the standard for thermal insulation products for buildings. It effectively reduces heat loss and helps building envelopes meet energy efficiency requirements (e.g. BS EN ISO 6946). Insulation thickness is selected based on required U-value.

Technical Considerations: According to BS EN 13162, mineral wool must maintain dimensional stability, moisture resistance, compressive strength (when used in rainscreen systems), and long-term durability. The material must retain its insulating properties under humid conditions. For walls, compliance with strength classes and dimensional stability under temperature fluctuations is essential. Capillary activity and water vapour diffusion resistance (µ-factor) are also considered.

Fire Safety Considerations: Mineral wool is a non-combustible material typically classified as A1 per BS EN 13501-1 - it doesn't support combustion, emit toxic gases or produce flaming droplets. Used as a component in fire protection systems for façades, partitions and fire compartments. When used in external insulation systems (e.g. ventilated façades), it ensures structural fire safety.

Design Life: The expected service life of mineral wool is minimum 30 years per BS EN 13162, provided proper installation, moisture protection and avoidance of mechanical damage.

Testing Regime: Testing is conducted according to BS EN 13162 and BS EN 1602-1609, including determination of thermal conductivity, water absorption, compressive strength, ageing resistance and dimensional stability. Fire performance is verified per BS EN 13501-1.

G-04-02 Mineral wool insulation (to void between LSFS studs) (k ≤ 0.038 W/mK)

General Information: Mineral wool insulation (for LSF) is a mineral fibre insulation material used in light steel framing (LSF) constructions. It provides thermal and acoustic insulation for external and internal walls, floors, partitions, and roofing systems. Installed between steel studs, it ensures the required thermal and acoustic performance of building envelopes.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Mineral wool has low thermal conductivity (λ ≈ 0.032–0.040 W/m·K), complying with BS EN ISO 10456 and BS EN 13162 (thermal insulation products - mineral wool products). In LSF systems, its use improves thermal resistance (R-value) and reduces heat loss through walls and roofs. The insulation must retain its thermal performance over its service life, including resistance to slumping and sagging. Thermal efficiency calculations follow BS EN ISO 6946 (thermal performance of building components) and BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridges).

Technical Considerations: Mineral wool for framed systems must exhibit sufficient rigidity, dimensional stability, water repellence, and vapour permeability. Per BS EN 13162, it must be classified by:

Density

Compressive/tensile strength

Fibre length

Other mechanical properties Additionally, resistance to vibration and vertical structural loads must be considered.

Fire Safety Considerations: Mineral wool is classified as a non-combustible material (A1 per BS EN 13501-1), meaning it does not contribute to fire, smoke, or flaming droplets. This makes it highly effective in LSF walls, where fire resistance (BS EN 1364-1 – non-load-bearing walls) is required. When combined with appropriate cladding, it can achieve EI 30–120 fire resistance ratings.

Design Life: The expected service life is minimum 50 years (BS EN 13162), provided the insulation is:

Protected from moisture ingress

Not mechanically damaged

Properly installed to prevent settling in vertical applications

Testing Regime: Testing includes:

BS EN 13162 (product characteristics)

BS EN 1604 (dimensional stability & shrinkage resistance)

BS EN 1607 (tensile strength)

BS EN 12667 (thermal conductivity)

BS EN ISO 1182 & BS EN 13501-1 (reaction to fire)

Full LSF system fire testing (BS EN 1364-1) may also be required.

H-02-01 Double glazed unit (DGU-1)

General Information: A double glazed unit (DGU) is used in window, door, and façade systems to provide thermal and acoustic insulation. It consists of two glass panes separated by a spacer frame with a hermetically sealed cavity, which may be filled with air or an inert gas (e.g., argon). DGUs are employed in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings to enhance energy efficiency and comfort.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: According to BS EN 1279 (standards for insulating glass units), a double glazed unit must achieve a low thermal transmittance (U-value), particularly when using low-emissivity coatings (Low-E) and gas filling. This ensures compliance with building energy efficiency requirements, as specified in BS EN ISO 10077-1 and BS EN ISO 10456. The use of inert gases and warm-edge spacer bars further reduces heat loss and the risk of condensation.

Technical Considerations: Technical requirements for double glazed units are defined by BS EN 1279 (Parts 1–6), covering durability, airtightness, moisture absorption, optical properties, and thickness tolerances. Additional parameters include sound insulation, wind load resistance, and impact resistance (where required). Compatibility with window or façade systems must be ensured in accordance with BS EN 14351-1 (windows and external pedestrian doors).

Fire Safety Considerations: Standard double glazed units made from tempered or float glass are not fire-resistant, though they may be used in non-fire-rated barriers. Their behaviour in fire depends on the glass type: standard glass is not classified under BS EN 13501-1, but tempered or laminated glass may meet certain safe breakage requirements. If the glazed unit is part of a fire-rated system, specialist fire-resistant glass certified to BS EN 14449 and BS EN 13501-2 must be used.

Design Life The expected service life of a double glazed unit is at least 25–30 years, assuming proper installation and sealing quality, as per BS EN 1279-2 and -3.

Testing Regime: Testing includes assessments for:

Airtightness (BS EN 1279-2)

Moisture absorption (BS EN 1279-3)

Thermal transmittance (BS EN 674)

Light transmittance (BS EN 410)

Sound insulation (BS EN ISO 10140)

Resistance to climatic cycling and ageing

Full-scale testing of glazed units within window systems is conducted under BS EN 14351-1.

H-02-02 Double glazed unit (DGU-2)

Design Life The expected service life of a double glazed unit is at least 25–30 years, assuming proper installation and sealing quality, as per BS EN 1279-2 and -3.

Testing Regime: Testing includes assessments for:

Airtightness (BS EN 1279-2)

Moisture absorption (BS EN 1279-3)

Thermal transmittance (BS EN 674)

Light transmittance (BS EN 410)

Sound insulation (BS EN ISO 10140)

Resistance to climatic cycling and ageing

Full-scale testing of glazed units within window systems is conducted under BS EN 14351-1.

I-10-01 Render decorative finish

General Information: A render decorative finish is a thin-layer plaster applied to exterior or interior wall surfaces to achieve an aesthetically appealing appearance and to provide additional protection to the building envelope. It is commonly used as the final layer in multi-layer façade systems such as ETICS (External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems), or as a standalone finishing layer over levelled substrates. The finish delivers colour, texture, and weather protection to the outer surface of the building.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: Although not a thermal insulation material itself, the decorative render plays a vital role in safeguarding the thermal insulation layer from moisture ingress, ultraviolet (UV) exposure, and mechanical damage. Its application is mandatory in certified ETICS systems (in line with BS EN 13499 for mineral wool-based systems and BS EN 13500 for EPS-based systems), where it also serves as a vapour-permeable coating that enables the building fabric to "breathe", preventing interstitial condensation. Vapour permeability and water repellency are assessed in accordance with BS EN ISO 7783 and BS EN 1062-3, respectively.

Technical Considerations: The decorative render must exhibit high durability against weathering, UV radiation, freeze-thaw cycles, impact, and surface cracking. It should comply with BS EN 998-1 (Specification for rendering and plastering mortars) and BS EN 15824 (Specification for external organic-bound renders). Critical performance parameters include substrate adhesion, colour stability, and long-term integrity of the finish. In ETICS applications, the render must be fully compatible with the base coat and primer used in the system.

Fire Safety Considerations: The fire classification of decorative renders depends on their composition. Mineral and silicate-based renders typically achieve Euroclass A1 or A2-s1,d0 as per BS EN 13501-1, indicating non-combustibility. Acrylic, silicone, or other polymeric renders may have lower classifications, such as B-s2,d0, depending on their organic content. In ETICS applications using combustible insulation materials, it is essential to specify a render finish that contributes to meeting fire performance requirements for the overall façade system.

Design Life: The expected service life of a high-quality decorative render is 25–30 years, subject to correct substrate preparation, application in accordance with the render system manufacturer’s guidelines, and regular maintenance. As specified in BS EN 998-1 and guidance for ETICS systems, longevity is influenced by render thickness, climate exposure, and building orientation.

Testing Regime: Key performance tests include:

BS EN 1062-3 – Capillary water absorption

BS EN ISO 7783 – Water vapour permeability

BS EN ISO 2811 – Density

BS EN 998-1 / BS EN 15824 – Strength, adhesion, crack resistance

BS EN 13501-1 – Reaction to fire classification

BS EN 13687-1 – Resistance to freeze-thaw cycling

In ETICS applications – full system testing in accordance with ETAG 004

I-10-02 Composite Mortar

General Information: Composite mortar is a high-performance construction mix comprising mineral binders, polymer modifiers, and reinforcing fibres. It is used for thin-layer levelling of surfaces, repair of concrete elements, and creation of protective coatings with enhanced adhesion and crack resistance. Typical applications include facade base coats, patch repairs, and reinforcement layers in ETICS or structural repair systems.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The material must demonstrate improved thermal performance compared to conventional mortars, in accordance with BS EN 998-1 (Specification for rendering/plastering mortars, including thermal conductivity). When used within insulation systems, composite mortar should contribute to the reduction of thermal bridging in line with BS EN ISO 10211 (Thermal bridges in building construction).

Technical Considerations: Composite mortar must meet the following technical performance criteria:

Compressive strength: ≥ 25 MPa (tested to BS EN 1015-11)

Adhesion to substrate: ≥ 1.0 MPa (tested to BS EN 1542)

Elastic modulus: as per BS EN 13412 (Determination of modulus of elasticity in compression)

Shrinkage: ≤ 0.1% (tested to BS EN 12617-4)

Water absorption: ≤ 5% (as per BS EN 1015-18)

The mortar must also demonstrate high workability, compatibility with mineral and polymeric substrates, and resistance to cracking under climatic or mechanical stress.

Fire Safety Considerations: The composite mortar shall be classified as non-combustible (Euroclass A1) according to BS EN 13501-1 when used as part of fire protection systems. It must not contain combustible ingredients that could compromise the fire performance of the overall assembly, and fire resistance must be verified in accordance with BS EN 1363-1 (Fire resistance tests — general requirements).

Design Life: The expected design life of composite mortar is minimum 30 years, provided that it is applied and maintained in accordance with manufacturer guidelines and BS EN 1504-3 (for structural and non-structural concrete repair systems).

Testing Regime: The composite mortar must be subject to the following performance tests:

Mechanical properties – compressive and flexural strength (BS EN 1015 series)

Adhesion – pull-off tests on various substrates (BS EN 1542)

Freeze-thaw resistance – cyclic durability (BS EN 13687-1)

Fire resistance – thermal degradation and fire exposure (BS EN 1363-1)

Durability – long-term performance (BS EN 13279-1)

If used in structural repair systems – certification in accordance with BS EN 1504-6 and European Technical Assessment (ETA) documentation is required.

I-10-03 Scrim Reinforcement

General Information: Reinforcement mesh (commonly referred to as scrim) is used to enhance the structural integrity of building components, control crack formation, and improve the mechanical performance of render, adhesive, and levelling layers. It is widely applied in External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS), as well as for internal plastering and surface renovation.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: The mesh must not compromise the thermal performance of the building envelope. Within insulation systems, it should comply with BS EN ISO 10456 (Building materials and products — thermal properties) by avoiding the creation of significant thermal bridges. The mesh must integrate seamlessly into thermal composite systems, allowing for unimpeded insulation continuity.

Technical Considerations: The mesh must satisfy the following key technical requirements:

Mass per unit area: 145–165 g/m² (tested in accordance with BS EN ISO 10319)

Tensile strength: ≥ 2.5 kN/m in both warp and weft directions (tested to BS EN ISO 13934-1)

Alkali resistance: Must withstand high pH environments (≥12.5), verified by BS EN ISO 10319

Mesh size (aperture): Standard 4×4 mm or 5×5 mm (in line with BS EN 13496)

Adhesion to base coat/render: Full embedment required with no delamination or slippage (BS EN 13496)

The mesh should also exhibit dimensional stability, high flexibility for ease of installation, and resistance to tearing under mechanical and environmental stress.

Fire Safety Considerations: The mesh must be non-combustible or have a minimum fire classification of B-s3,d0 in accordance with BS EN 13501-1. When used in facade systems, it must meet the fire performance criteria outlined in BS 8414-1 (Full-scale fire performance testing of external cladding systems).

Design Life: The expected service life is at least 25 years, assuming correct installation and protection by compatible finishing layers, in line with BS EN 13496 and system manufacturer recommendations.

Testing Regime: The mesh must undergo the following testing:

Tensile strength – BS EN ISO 13934-1

Alkali resistance – BS EN ISO 10319

Adhesion to base coats – BS EN 13496

UV resistance – BS EN 12224

Fire classification – BS EN 13501-1

Wind load resistance (for ETICS) – BS EN 13497

ETICS-compliant meshes must also be assessed as part of the full system under ETAG 004 / EAD 040083-00-0404 for European Technical Assessments (ETA).

I-10-04 Corner bead

General Information: Corner beads are designed to create straight, durable, and impact-resistant external angles in plastering systems. They are used for both internal and external render applications, typically as part of External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) or traditional multi-layer plastering. The corner bead ensures clean corner geometry, mechanical protection, and crack prevention at edges.

Energy / Thermal Considerations: While the corner bead itself does not provide insulation, its installation must not compromise the continuity of the thermal envelope. In ETICS, the bead should be applied on top of the reinforced basecoat and integrated into the render without creating significant thermal bridges. Use of metallic beads without thermal separation should be avoided in high-performance envelope zones, as per BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridge modelling and calculation methods).

Technical Considerations: Corner beads are manufactured from a variety of materials — PVC, galvanised steel, aluminium, or glass fibre composite — and must be selected based on the render type and exposure conditions. Key requirements include:

Alkali resistance: essential when used with cementitious renders (PVC and mesh-based types must pass testing in high pH environments).

Corrosion resistance: metallic beads must be tested to BS EN ISO 9227 (salt spray test).

Dimensional stability and impact resistance: must not deform under thermal or mechanical stress.

Compatibility: with base coats, reinforcement layers, and finishing renders.

Compliance with system guidelines: corner reinforcement elements in ETICS must conform to ETAG 004 / EAD 040083-00-0404 and BS EN 13914-1 (Design and application of external rendering).

Corner beads must ensure strong adhesion with the reinforcement layer and subsequent render layers, maintaining edge protection during thermal cycling and substrate movement.

Fire Safety Considerations: Fire classification depends on the material:

Galvanised steel and aluminium beads are non-combustible (Class A1) under BS EN 13501-1.

PVC and composite beads generally achieve Class B-s1,d0 or lower, depending on formulation.
In high fire-risk applications (e.g., high-rise or systems with combustible insulation), the use of non-combustible or fire-tested beads is recommended in accordance with system fire strategy and BS 8414-1 (fire performance of external cladding systems).

Design Life: The expected service life of corner beads matches that of the render system, typically 25–30 years. In properly designed and maintained ETICS, with installation per manufacturer guidance, the corner bead may last over 30 years, subject to compliance with BS EN 998-1 and the ETICS system specifications.

Testing Regime: Performance testing includes:

Alkali resistance (for PVC/glass fibre mesh beads) – internal test methods or to BS EN ISO 10319

Corrosion resistance (for metallic beads) – BS EN ISO 9227

Freeze-thaw resistance (in system context) – BS EN 13687-1

Compatibility with render systems – BS EN 13914-1

Impact resistance testing (in ETICS systems) – per ETAG 004

Fire classification – BS EN 13501-1

Beads forming part of a certified ETICS system must also pass system-level performance testing in accordance with EAD 040083-00-0404 and hold relevant ETA certification.

I-10-06 Insulation adhesive

General information: Insulation adhesive is used for securing thermal insulation boards (e.g. mineral wool, expanded polystyrene, or PIR) to building substrates including façades, roofs, ceilings, and internal walls. It is applied in external thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS) as well as in ventilated façades and internal partitions as an auxiliary fixing component.

Energy / Thermal considerations: The insulation adhesive must ensure reliable bonding of insulation boards, eliminating air gaps and thermal bridging. Its application helps maintain the designed thermal resistance of the building envelope, in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 (thermal performance calculation) and BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridge modelling). The adhesive composition must not impair the thermal conductivity of the system or compromise its durability.

Technical considerations: The adhesive should exhibit high adhesion to a variety of substrates (such as concrete, brick, gypsum, cement-bonded particleboards, etc.) and must be compatible with the type of insulation material used. In accordance with BS EN 998-1 (cement-based mortars for masonry and rendering), adhesive formulations may be classified as GP (general purpose) or CR (crack-resistant). When used within prefabricated systems (e.g. ETICS), adhesives must comply with BS EN 13494 (determination of bond strength). Other important parameters include open time, thixotropy, shear strength, and ageing resistance.

Fire safety considerations: The fire classification of the adhesive depends on its composition. Mineral-based adhesives (cementitious) can achieve Class A1 or A2-s1,d0 in accordance with BS EN 13501-1, making them suitable for use in systems requiring high fire resistance. Organic or polymer-based adhesives (e.g. polyurethane) may achieve lower classifications (Class B or below), which must be considered when specifying adhesives for façades, particularly above the second storey or in escape routes.

Design life: The expected service life of insulation adhesives is at least 25 years, provided correct application, suitable substrate conditions, and integration within a certified system. This service life aligns with general requirements for façade system components as per BS EN 13499 and BS EN 13163/13162 (depending on the insulation type used).

Testing regime: Adhesive testing includes assessment of bond strength (pull-off test) in accordance with BS EN 13494, as well as resistance to ageing, thermal cycling, moisture, and alkaline environments. For cement-based adhesives, BS EN 1015 (characteristics of dry mixes) is additionally applicable, while polymer-based adhesives are tested to relevant parts of BS EN 12004 (where used as tile adhesives).

J-02-01 Aluminium sill (t-2mm)

General information: An aluminium sill (2 mm thick) is a horizontal element installed at window or façade openings, designed to direct rainwater and meltwater away from the wall surface and to protect the lower part of the opening from moisture ingress and mechanical damage. It is used in both ventilated façade systems and window assemblies, and is mounted beneath the window frame.

Energy / Thermal considerations: Although aluminium sills do not possess intrinsic thermal insulation properties, their design must address the minimisation of thermal bridging, particularly at the junction with the window frame. During the design stage, thermal break pads or installation over an insulated layer should be considered to maintain the required thermal resistance of the detail in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211 (thermal bridge analysis). It is also essential to ensure airtight and watertight joints to prevent air and moisture infiltration.

Technical considerations: A 2 mm thick aluminium sill must demonstrate resistance to mechanical loads, deformation, and environmental exposure. Compliance with BS EN 485 (mechanical properties of wrought aluminium), BS EN 573 (chemical composition), and BS EN 15088 (aluminium products for structural applications) ensures the quality and performance of the material. The aluminium should be provided with a protective finish, such as anodising or powder coating, in accordance with BS EN 12206 (organic coatings) to enhance resistance to corrosion and UV degradation.

Fire safety considerations: Aluminium is classified as a non-combustible material (Class A1 under BS EN 13501-1). It does not sustain combustion, emit toxic fumes, or produce flaming droplets, making it a safe component in systems requiring fire resistance, particularly in external zones and escape routes. However, when used in conjunction with sealants or gaskets, the fire classification of these additional materials must also be taken into account.

Design life: The expected service life of an aluminium sill is at least 40–50 years, provided proper usage conditions are maintained and the protective coating is intact. This aligns with typical service life expectations for aluminium components used in façade and window systems, as referenced in BS EN 1999-1-1 (Eurocode 9 — design of aluminium structures).

Testing regime: Testing may include assessment of corrosion resistance (BS EN ISO 9227 — salt spray testing), mechanical strength (including bending and impact resistance), coating adhesion (BS EN ISO 2409), and drainage performance as part of the window or façade assembly, in accordance with BS EN 1027 (water tightness) and BS EN 12208 (watertightness of windows and doors).

J-04-01 Aluminium coping (t-2mm)

General information: Aluminium coping is a protective element installed at the top of parapets, walls, or roof barriers to prevent the ingress of precipitation into the construction and to protect against erosion, weathering, and mechanical damage. It is used in external building envelope systems to enhance the durability and watertightness of façade or roofing assemblies.

Energy / Thermal considerations: Although aluminium coping itself does not provide thermal insulation, it must be properly integrated with the thermal insulation layer and vapour control barrier so as not to compromise the thermal performance of the construction. It is essential to eliminate thermal bridges through fixings and ensure sealed connections with insulation, particularly on warm roof assemblies. Detailing and thermal modelling should be carried out in accordance with BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 6946.

Technical considerations: Aluminium coping must be resistant to wind loads, environmental exposure, and deformation. It is typically manufactured from 2–3 mm thick aluminium sheet and must comply with BS EN 485 (mechanical properties of wrought aluminium), BS EN 573 (chemical composition), and BS EN 15088 (aluminium products for structural applications). To provide protection against corrosion and UV exposure, the surface should be anodised or powder-coated in accordance with BS EN 12206 (organic coatings). The coping fixing system must accommodate thermal expansion without compromising joint integrity.

Fire safety considerations: Aluminium used for coping is a non-combustible material, classified as Class A1 in accordance with BS EN 13501-1. It does not support flame propagation and does not emit toxic gases when exposed to high temperatures. However, at interfaces with other materials (e.g. gaskets, sealants), the individual fire classification of those components must be taken into account, especially where coping is installed on roofs or along evacuation zones.

Design life: The expected service life of aluminium coping is at least 40–50 years, provided it is correctly designed, installed, and protected from electrolytic corrosion. This service life is supported by BS EN 1999-1-1 (Eurocode 9 — design of aluminium structures) and BS EN ISO 9223 (assessment of the corrosivity of atmospheric environments).

Testing regime: Testing may include resistance to wind loading (BS EN 1991-1-4), watertightness of connection details (BS EN 1027), coating adhesion (BS EN ISO 2409), corrosion resistance (BS EN ISO 9227 — salt spray test), and resistance to climatic ageing (BS EN 1297). When used in roofing systems, additional testing may be required for capillary action resistance and dimensional stability under thermal expansion.

L-03-01 Roof build up

General information: This roofing system is designed to protect the building from environmental exposure, provide thermal insulation, and ensure the long-term durability of the roof covering.

Energy / Thermal considerations: The roofing system must comply with thermal conductivity and energy efficiency requirements in accordance with BS EN ISO 6946. The thermal resistance (R-value) should be calculated based on the regional climatic conditions. Additional requirements include the minimisation of thermal bridging in accordance with BS EN ISO 14683.

Technical considerations: The roof construction must ensure mechanical strength and resistance to wind and snow loads in accordance with BS EN 1991-1-3 and BS EN 1991-1-4. The waterproofing layer must comply with BS EN 13707, while the vapour control layer must meet BS EN 13984. Roof pitch and drainage must be designed in accordance with BS EN 12056-3.

Fire safety considerations: Roofing materials must achieve a fire classification of no less than A2-s1,d0 as per BS EN 13501-1. When combustible insulation materials are used, fire barriers must be incorporated in accordance with BS EN 13501-5.

Design life: The expected service life of the roofing system is at least 30 years, provided that the requirements of BS EN 15643-1 are met and that regular maintenance is performed.

Testing regime: Roofing materials and systems must undergo testing for watertightness (BS EN 1928), UV resistance (BS EN 1297), and mechanical performance (BS EN 16012). Fire performance testing may also be required in accordance with BS EN 1187.

L-03-07 Insect mesh

General information: Insect mesh is used to protect ventilation openings, windows, façade, and roofing systems from the intrusion of insects and small animals while ensuring unimpeded airflow. It is most commonly applied in ventilated façade systems, window apertures, pressure-equalised zones, and other elements of a building’s external envelope.

Energy / Thermal considerations: Insect mesh does not directly influence the thermal performance of a structure. However, in façade and roof ventilation systems, it must not obstruct the airflow required for moisture removal and the prevention of thermal losses due to condensation buildup. Compliance with air permeability parameters, as per design calculations (refer to BS EN ISO 52016-1 – Energy performance of buildings), is essential.

Technical considerations: The mesh must be resistant to mechanical damage, UV radiation, and corrosion. According to BS EN 13501-1 (within the classification of façade components), the preferred materials are metal or fibreglass meshes with protective coatings (e.g., stainless steel, aluminium, or PVC). The mesh aperture size should comply with sanitary and construction regulations (typically 1 to 2 mm) to ensure an effective insect barrier. Weather resistance is also critical, particularly in exposed installation areas.

Fire safety considerations: Where insect mesh is incorporated into ventilated façade or roofing assemblies, it should be constructed from non-combustible materials such as stainless steel or aluminium and may be classified as A1 under BS EN 13501-1. Polymer-based meshes must have a verified fire safety classification of at least A2-s1, d0, especially when installed in building envelope systems.

Design life: The expected service life of insect mesh ranges from 25 to 30 years, provided corrosion- and UV-resistant materials are used. Metallic meshes (stainless steel or aluminium) offer extended durability and comply with longevity requirements under BS EN 1991-1-1 and manufacturers’ recommendations.

Testing regime: Testing may include corrosion resistance (per ISO 9227 – salt spray testing), mechanical strength (tensile and impact resistance), and fire behaviour per BS EN 13501-1. When integrated into façade systems, full assembly testing in accordance with BS EN 13119 (for curtain walling) and other relevant standards may be required.

L-03-17 Blinder

General information: Blinds (louvres) are used in window and façade systems of buildings to regulate sunlight, reduce glare, enhance visual comfort, and control the internal microclimate. They can be installed either internally or externally, depending on the design and architectural solution.

Energy / Thermal considerations: Blinds play a critical role in managing solar heat gain. External systems are particularly effective in reducing summer overheating and providing solar protection. In accordance with BS EN 14501 (Solar, light, and thermal performance of solar protection devices), blinds must ensure sufficient reduction of the g-value (solar factor) and thermal load on the building. The use of automated control systems can improve energy efficiency, especially when combined with glazing.

Technical considerations: Blinds must be resistant to UV exposure, moisture, and wind loads (in the case of external installation). According to BS EN 13120 (Technical requirements for internal blinds), the product must ensure operational safety, mechanism reliability, ease of control, and precise positioning. Durability, resistance to soiling, and ease of cleaning are also key considerations. For automated systems, BS EN 14202 (Motorised operation of solar protection devices) applies.

Fire safety considerations: The fire safety classification depends on the material. Fabric and plastic blinds may be classified under BS EN 13501-1—fire-resistant models must meet at least Class B-s1, d0 for internal use in public buildings. Metal blinds are typically non-combustible and may achieve Class A1. Selection must account for smoke emission and flaming droplet behaviour in fire conditions.

Design life: The expected service life of blinds is 10–15 years for internal and 15–20 years for external systems, assuming regular maintenance and protection from harsh environments. Lifespan depends on mechanism quality, material durability, and usage frequency, in compliance with BS EN 13120 and BS EN ISO 12400 (Mechanical durability).

Testing regime: Testing is conducted in accordance with:

BS EN 13120 (safety, strength, wear resistance)

BS EN 14501 (thermal and optical performance)

BS EN 12216 (terminology and definitions for solar protection systems)

BS EN 13501-1 (fire behaviour)
For automated systems, BS EN 14202 applies.

N-01-01 Silicone sealant (for external)

General information: Silicone sealant is used for sealing construction joints, connections between façade elements, windows, doors, glazing units, as well as junctions between different materials. It provides water- and air-tightness, accommodates structural movement, and protects against moisture, dust and air infiltration.

Energy / Thermal considerations: Silicone sealants help ensure building envelope airtightness, reducing thermal losses through joints and seams. When combined with thermal insulation materials and proper installation, they contribute to compliance with air- and moisture-tightness requirements in accordance with BS EN 1026 (air permeability) and BS EN ISO 6946 (thermal performance calculation). They also prevent thermal bridging in window and façade details.

Technical considerations: Technical characteristics are regulated by BS EN 15651 (sealants for non-structural applications, including façades, windows and sanitary joints). Silicone sealant must exhibit high elasticity, adhesion to various substrates (glass, metal, PVC, concrete), and resistance to UV radiation and ageing. It should accommodate joint movement of up to ±25% or more, depending on the class. For exterior applications, compliance with movement capability and weather resistance requirements (Type F-EXT-INT according to BS EN 15651-1) is essential.

Fire safety considerations:
Most silicone sealants are classified as combustible (typically Class E or lower per BS EN 13501-1). However, special fire-resistant sealants for fire protection details may achieve classifications up to B-s1,d0 or even EI classes when tested as part of an assembly (per BS EN 1366-4 and BS EN 13501-2). Appropriate sealants must be selected according to project fire resistance requirements.

Design life: The expected service life of silicone sealant ranges from 20 to 30 years depending on environmental conditions, application quality and maintenance of proper temperature/humidity conditions. For exterior applications and movement joints, regular inspection is recommended. Durability is determined based on testing according to BS EN ISO 11600 and BS EN 15651.

Testing regime: Silicone sealants are tested to:

BS EN ISO 11600 (evaluation of elasticity, adhesion, ageing resistance)

BS EN 15651 (Parts 1-4: façades, glazing, sanitary applications, pavement joints)

BS EN 13501-1 or BS EN 1366-4 for fire resistance testing
Additional tests assess resistance to UV radiation, humidity, extreme temperatures and chemical exposure.

N-02-01 Polyethylene foam backing (Rigid foam backing)

General information: Polyethylene foam backing (rigid foam backing) is used as a filler or separation material in construction joints, façade and window details, as well as in joint sealing applications. The rigid polyethylene foam serves as a sealant backing, controls sealant depth, ensures proper joint geometry and prevents three-sided adhesion.

Energy / Thermal considerations: Polyethylene foam exhibits low thermal conductivity (λ ≈ 0.035-0.040 W/m·K), helping to reduce thermal bridging through construction joints. When used in façade or window connections, it provides additional thermal insulation and assists in meeting energy efficiency requirements according to BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 10211. It also prevents convection losses and thermal bridging at material junctions.

Technical considerations: The material must comply with BS EN ISO 846 (assessment of polymer resistance to microbiological attack) and maintain dimensional stability under compression. According to BS EN ISO 3386-1, compression strength and recovery properties are evaluated. Rigid polyethylene foam is resistant to moisture, fungi, mould and chemicals. The material must have a closed-cell structure for minimal water absorption and long-term shape retention.

Fire safety considerations: Polyethylene foam is classified as combustible, typically achieving no higher than Class E per BS EN 13501-1 unless fire-modified versions are used. For façade, window and external joint applications, materials with verified fire resistance of Class B or higher are preferred. When used in fire-rated assemblies, specially certified fire-resistant foam types must be selected.

Design life: The expected service life is approximately 25-30 years in non-loadbearing applications protected from UV exposure and harsh environments, provided the material is used within its specified temperature range (typically -40°C to +90°C). Service life is verified through ageing and recovery testing according to BS EN ISO 11431.

Testing regime: Testing includes:

Compression strength and recovery (BS EN ISO 3386-1)

Water absorption

Thermal conductivity (BS EN 12667)

Combustion behaviour (BS EN 13501-1)
Additional testing may include chemical resistance and long-term performance in construction joints per BS EN ISO 846 and BS EN ISO 4898.

Z-01-01 Concrete slab

General information: Reinforced concrete floor slabs are designed to create load-bearing structures that distribute loads and form horizontal surfaces in buildings and civil engineering structures.

Energy/Thermal considerations: Concrete slabs must account for thermal inertia and comply with energy efficiency requirements in accordance with BS EN ISO 13786. When used in building envelope applications, they must meet thermal transmittance (U-value) requirements as specified in BS EN ISO 6946.

Technical considerations: Slabs must be designed for strength, stiffness and stability in compliance with BS EN 1992-1-1 (Eurocode 2). Reinforcement specifications, thickness and concrete grade are determined by design loads. Permissible deflections and crack resistance are regulated by BS EN 1990 and BS EN 13670.

Fire safety considerations: The fire resistance of concrete slabs must meet Class R (load-bearing capacity) and, where required, Class EI (thermal insulation and integrity) as defined in BS EN 13501-2. Minimum concrete cover thickness for reinforcement is specified in BS EN 1992-1-2.

Design life: The design service life of reinforced concrete slabs is a minimum of 50 years when maintained according to operational requirements and BS EN 1990 (structural reliability) specifications.

Testing regime: Quality control testing includes:

Compressive strength testing (BS EN 12390-3)

Freeze-thaw resistance (BS EN 12390-9)

Water permeability (BS EN 12390-8)

Reinforcement compliance verification (BS EN 10080)

Non-destructive testing may also be conducted (BS EN 12504-2)

Z-01-03 Concrete upstand

General information: A concrete upstand is used to create a watertight barrier at roof, terrace, balcony and other construction junctions, preventing water ingress into the building.

Energy/Thermal considerations: The concrete upstand must account for thermal bridging at interfaces with other building elements. Thermal insulation requirements and energy loss minimisation are regulated by BS EN ISO 10211 and BS EN ISO 14683.

Technical considerations: The structure must possess adequate strength and resistance to mechanical impacts. Upstand height and thickness are determined in accordance with:

BS 6229 (for flat roofs)

BS EN 1992-1-1 (for concrete structures)
Waterproofing must comply with BS EN 14909 or BS 8102.

Fire safety considerations: As a non-combustible element, concrete upstands typically achieve Class A1 per BS EN 13501-1. When combined with other materials (e.g., waterproofing membranes), their fire classification must be considered.

Design life: The expected service life of a concrete upstand is minimum 30 years when properly designed, installed and waterproofed in compliance with BS 7543 (durability of building constructions).

Testing regime: Quality control includes:

Concrete compressive strength testing (BS EN 12390-3)

Water permeability testing (BS EN 12390-8)

Freeze-thaw resistance (BS EN 12390-9)

Waterproofing material adhesion and elasticity testing (BS EN 14891)

Z-02-02 Steel beam

General information: A steel beam is utilised as a primary horizontal load-bearing element within building and civil engineering structures. It serves to transfer loads from floors, walls, roofs, and other components to columns, walls, or foundations. Steel beams are extensively employed in residential, commercial, and industrial construction, including both framed and monolithic systems.

Energy / Thermal considerations: Although a steel beam itself is not a thermal insulation element, its penetration through building envelopes (e.g. external walls) can create thermal bridges. In accordance with BS EN ISO 10211, heat transfer through metallic elements must be considered in thermal modelling of buildings. Thermal losses can be minimised by incorporating thermal breaks or insulating pads at connection points.

Technical considerations: Steel beams are designed and calculated in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-1 (Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures). They must satisfy requirements for strength, stiffness, stability, and permissible deformations under permanent and variable loads. Compliance with BS EN 10025 (technical delivery conditions for structural steel) and BS EN 1090 (requirements for execution of steel structures) is mandatory. Consideration must be given to welding and bolted connections, as well as corrosion protection methods such as galvanising, painting, or fire-protective coatings.

Fire safety considerations: Steel loses strength at elevated temperatures; therefore, steel beams require fire protection in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-2. Minimum fire resistance periods (e.g. 30, 60, 90 minutes) are prescribed by regulations and can be achieved through the application of fire-retardant paints, encasements, or cladding. Fire resistance classification is conducted pursuant to BS EN 13501-2. Unprotected steel beams do not comply with fire resistance requirements.

Design life: The typical service life of a steel beam is 50 years or more, provided corrosion and fire protection measures are properly implemented, in line with BS EN 1990 (basis of structural design) and BS EN 1993. Actual durability depends on operating conditions and quality of protective measures.

Testing regime: Testing includes verification of mechanical properties of steel according to BS EN 10025 (e.g. yield strength, tensile strength), weld qualification per BS EN ISO 15614, and fire resistance tests (BS EN 1365 or BS EN 13381 for protective methods). Manufacturing and installation processes must comply with CE marking requirements as per BS EN 1090.

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